1、Designation: C515 13Standard Specification forChemical-Resistant Ceramic Tower Packings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C515; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers fired ceramic shapes formedfrom naturally occurring clays and from compounded bodiesthat are used as packing in tower
3、 installations. These ceramicunits are designed primarily for use in process equipment forthe chemical or allied industries.1.2 The physical and chemical properties that affect qualityof packing materials are covered in this specification. Proper-ties that affect actual operational efficiency or cha
4、racteristics ofprocessing towers are not covered.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains to thetest method portion only, Section 7, of this standard.Thissta
5、ndard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS
6、TM Standards:2C279 Specification for Chemical-Resistant Masonry UnitsC373 Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,Apparent Porosity, and Apparent Specific Gravity of FiredWhiteware ProductsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 tower packing
7、a term covering variously shapedceramic pieces such as spheres, cylindrical rings with eithernormal or angular ends, rings with included obstructions,perforated cylinders, and curved saddles. These shapes areused within columns or towers to provide inert surfaces forpromotion of energy transfer or c
8、hemical reaction betweenliquids and liquids, gases and liquids, and gases and gases.3.1.1.1 DiscussionClay: An earthy or stony mineral ag-gregate consisting, essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina,plastic when sufficiently pulverized and wetted, rigid when dry,and vitreous when fired at a suffi
9、ciently high temperature.3.1.2 chemical stoneware tower packingpieces manufac-tured from specially compounded bodies consisting of claysand other minerals, of natural origin.3.1.3 chemical porcelain tower packingpieces manufac-tured from specially compounded bodies, consisting of refinedclays and ot
10、her naturally occurring minerals. These pieces arecharacteristically smooth-textured, vitreous, and white or lightgray in color.4. Shapes, Sizes, and Quantities4.1 The number of dumped pieces of cylindrical-type pack-ing per cubic foot shall conform to the requirements for eachsize of rings, packing
11、s, and saddles as specified in Table 1,Table 2, and Table 3 or as negotiated between customer andsupplier.5. Tolerances for Rings5.1 Dimensional AccuracyThe average outside diameterand average length shall be within 65 % of specified size for80 % of a lot, and within 610 % of specified size for 100
12、% ofa lot.5.2 Measurement of the ring shall be made with calipers,avoiding flashes, protrusions, and obviously defective areas.The average outside diameter shall be determined as one halfthe sum of the maximum and minimum outside diameters. Theaverage length shall be determined as one half the sum o
13、f themaximum and minimum lengths.5.3 OvalnessThe difference between maximum and mini-mum outside diameters of any ring in a lot shall not exceed10 % of the specified size.5.4 InspectionThe sample plan and procedure shall be asagreed upon by the supplier and purchaser at time of purchase.1This specif
14、ication is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D32 onCatalysts and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D32.02 on Physical-Mechanical Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C515 95
15、(2007).DOI: 10.1520/C0515-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 10
16、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 1See Table 2 for piece size counts of saddles which define sizetolerances.6. Chemical Composition6.1 The appearance of iron or other leachable impurities onthe surfaces may be cause for rejection if this is a matt
17、er ofconcern to the purchaser.6.2 The presence of undesirable trace elements such asboron is to be considered as a special case and will be treatedas such by the purchaser and the manufacturer.7. Test Methods7.1 Crushing TestsMake crushing tests on any standardmachine conforming to the requirements
18、of Practice E4. Breakten or more specimens between18-in. (3.2-mm) thick squaresof a metal that is oil-hardened to HR C60, with cushions of0.022-in. (0.56-mm) blotting paper between the hardened plateand the specimen as shown in Fig. 1. The loading rate shall bebetween 0.2 to 1.0 in. (5 to 25 mm)/min
19、, or between 100 to 500lbf/min (445 to 2224 N/min). The report shall include theaverage load causing failure, calculated in pounds-force perlinear inch (or newtons per metre) and the loading rate used.8. Physical Requirements8.1 Crushing StrengthCeramic tower packing in the formof rings must withsta
20、nd a load of at least 25 lbf/linear in. (4.4kN) when the load is applied (distributed) along a full elementof the cylinder which lies in a longitudinal plane containing thecylinder axis. In the case of cross-partition rings, the load mustbe distributed along an element in a longitudinal plane con-ta
21、ining the cylinder axis and midway between the partitions.8.2 Water Absorption:8.2.1 Porcelain packing shall absorb no more than 0.5weight percent water as determined in accordance with TestMethod C373.TABLE 1 Requirements For Shapes, Sizes, and Quantitiesof RingsRaschig RingsSize,Ain. (mm)Nominal W
22、allThickness, in. (mm)ApproximateNumber perCubic FootB(0.03 m3)14 (6.4)132 to116 (0.8 to 1.6) 79 200516 (7.9)116 (1.6) 36 00038 (9.5)332 to116C(2.4 to 1.6) 22 50012 (12.7)332 (2.4) 9 96058 (15.9)332 to18C(2.4 to 3.2) 5 36034 (19.1)332 to18C(2.4 to 3.2) 2 8901 (25.4)18 (3.2) 1 260114 (31.8)316 (4.8)
23、640112 (38.1)14 (6.4) 3602 (50.8)316 to14C(4.8 to 6.4) 1553 (76.2)38 (9.5) 64 to 744 (101.6)12 (12.7) 27 to 316 (152.4)58 (15.9) 8 to 9Lessing RingsSize,Ain. (mm)Nominal WallThickness, in. (mm)ApproximateNumber perCubic FootB(0.03 m3)1 (25.4)18 (3.2) 1220114 (31.8)316 (4.8) 620112 (38.1)14 (6.4) 330
24、2 (50.8)14 (6.4) to (9.5)C1423516 (7.9) to38 (9.5)C44438 (9.5) to12 (12.7)C22Cross Partition RingsSize,Ain. (mm)Nominal WallThickness, in. (mm)Number perCubic Foot(0.03 m3)SquareSetStaggerSet3 (76.2)516 (7.9) to38 (9.5) 64 744 (101.6)38 (9.5) to12 (12.7) 27 316 (152.4)12 (12.7) 8 9AThis dimension de
25、scribes both the specified length and the specified outsidediameter, and is intended as a guide rather than as an acceptance criterion.BDumped, except for values assigned to 3 in. (76.2 mm) of larger rings, which areusually stacked in square or stagger set. These numbers are to be considered asguide
26、s rather than as acceptance criteria.CRepresentative of different manufacturers practices.TABLE 2 Requirements for Sizes and Quantities of SaddlesSaddlesSaddleDesignationApproximateNumber perCubic FootA(0.03 m3)B14 115 00038 50 00012 17 00034 6 2001 2 100112 6502 240350AAs randomly dumped.B1 in. = 2
27、5.4 mm.TABLE 3 Requirements for Shapes, Sizes, andQuantities of SaddlesABerl SaddlesBSquare Cut SaddlesCSize, in.(mm)DMinimumNumber perCubic FootE(0.03 m3)Size, in.(mm)DMinimumNumber perCubic FootE(0.03 m3)1-4 96 05014 99 45012 15 84012 18 63034 4 70034 61101 2 070 1 2 240112 630 112 6752 238 2 257A
28、Saddle shapes and piece count shall conform to samples previously approved bythe consumer.BSee United States Patent 1,796,501. This saddle is disclosed in an expiredpatent. Interested parties are invited to submit information regarding the identifi-cation of an alternative(s) to this item to ASTM In
29、ternational Headquarters. Yourcomments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.CSee United States Patent 2,639,909. This saddle is disclosed in an expiredpatent. Interested parties are invited to submit information regarding the ide
30、ntifi-cation of an alternative(s) to this item to ASTM International Headquarters. Yourcomments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.D1 in. = 25.4 mm.ESee Footnote B to Table 1.C515 1328.2.2 Stoneware packing shall absorb no more
31、 than 3 weightpercent water as determined in accordance with Test MethodC373.8.3 Acid-Resisting Properties.NOTE 2Ceramic tower packings are used in acidic or chemicallyneutral solutions and as heat transfer media.8.3.1 Porcelain packing shall lose no more than 4 % of itsoriginal weight when determin
32、ed in accordance with Section 7of Specification C279.8.3.2 Stoneware packing shall lose no more than 10 % of itsoriginal weight as determined in accordance with SpecificationC279.NOTE 3In preparing samples no attempt shall be made to remove theskin surface of the units and a significant random sampl
33、e should be takenfor use in Specification C279.9. Precision and Bias9.1 The determination of water absorption by Test MethodC373 is accurate to 60.2 % water absorption in interlaboratorytesting when the average value recorded by all laboratories isassumed to be the true water absorption. The precisi
34、on isapproximately 60.1 % water absorption on measurementsmade by a single experienced operator.9.2 The original data on acid weight loss on eight (8)different types of cross partition rings run by four different labsin accordance with Specification C279 gave the followingstandard deviations:Type of
35、 Ring Standard Deviation1-in. porcelain 0.363-in. porcelain 0.421-in. Stoneware 0.483-in. Stoneware 0.923-in. Clay 3.2210. Keywords10.1 acid resistance; ceramic; chemical-resistant; crushingstrength; low absorption; porcelain; rings; saddles; stoneware;tower packingASTM International takes no positi
36、on respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility
37、.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM
38、International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address sh
39、own below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. 1 Arrangement of Apparatus for Crushing TestC515 133
