1、Designation: C541/C541M 98 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Specification forLinings for Asbestos-Cement Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C541/C541M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEUnits information was editorially corrected in
3、January 2012.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers requirements for plastic liningsto be applied to asbestos-cement pipe, designed for specialservice in carrying corrosive fluids. This specification alsocovers methods of testing plastic lining material as well assections of lined pipe. The requireme
4、nts established by thisspecification shall serve as a guide in, but not the sole basis for,judging the suitability of the product for a particular service.The selection of the material should include consideration ofperformance in similar applications or testing under the in-tended service condition
5、.NOTE 1To determine the suitability of the product for a particularservice or corrosive fluid, refer to the manufacturer for specific recom-mendations.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exa
6、ct equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for tho
7、se with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysotile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use ofChrysotile: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”21.4 The following
8、precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Section 9, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractice
9、s and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics toChemical ReagentsD714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering ofPaintsD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCem
10、entProducts3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 couplingfitting made from a larger diameter pipe ofat least the same type and class, for joining asbestos-cementpipe that, when properly installed with the proper accessories,develops a joint equivalent in strength and serviceability to thepipe joined.3
11、.1.2 lotquantity of pipe of a given size and class manu-factured during the same shift.3.1.3 plastic lininga lining formed principally from ther-moplastic or thermosetting polymer. The term “plastic coat-ing is synonymous with the term “plastic lining with respectto composition.3.2 Additional termin
12、ology is presented in TerminologyD2946.4. Adhesion Requirements4.1 Thermosetting polymer linings and those thermoplasticlinings that do not rely on mechanical means to hold them tothe pipe wall shall have a strong permanent bond to the pipewall. No sign of peeling or any other form of separation of
13、the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of C17.03 onAsbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last prev
14、ious edition approved in 2006 as C541 98 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/C0541_C0541M-98R11E01.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
15、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.lining from the pipe wall is permissible when tested inaccordance with 9.2.1.4.2 If bubbles or blisters appear after test
16、ing and are smallerand fewer than Reference Standard 6F of Test Method D714,apull-out test shall be performed in accordance with 9.2.2. Theadhesion shall be considered acceptable if the results from thepull-out tests exceed 2.75-MPa 400-psi stress or if at least75 % of the fractured surface is cover
17、ed by asbestos cementpulled from the substratum. Retesting shall be required if thefailure occurs between the metal contact piece and the lining.Samples with bubbles or blisters that are larger and more densethan Reference Standard 6F shall be considered rejected.NOTE 2Pipes producing such bubbles o
18、r blisters during testing maybe expected to exhibit similar characteristics during actual service.5. Chemical Requirements5.1 The plastic lining used shall be highly resistant to acidsand alkalis, and shall be completely resistant to acids generatedby the hydrogen sulfide corrosion cycle.5.2 The pla
19、stic lining shall withstand a 5 mass % sulfuricacid solution and a 5 mass % sodium hydroxide solution, whentested in accordance with 9.1.1 and 9.1.2, without degradationor loss of its protective qualities.5.3 The plastic lining material shall have a weight changenot greater than 0.5 % after 7 days i
20、mmersion and not greaterthan 0.9 % after 30 days immersion when tested as required inTable 1 when tested in accordance with 9.1.3.6. Dimensions6.1 To provide satisfactory abrasion resistance and to ensurethe continuity of the lining of the plastic-lined pipe, thethickness of the plastic lining shall
21、 be not less than 0.3 mm 12mils, or 0.012 in. when measured in accordance with 9.3.1.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 All lined pipe shall be free of runs, sags, blisters, orother imperfections that indicate unprotected areas. The aver-age thickness of the lining shall not be less than spec
22、ified in6.1.7.2 Protection of Couplings and Machined Ends of PipeSurfaces of the pipe ends and coupling areas exposed tocorrosive conditions shall be protected with the same plasticliner or plastic coating.8. Inspection, Rejection, and Rehearing8.1 Each pipe and coupling shall be inspected by theman
23、ufacturer, prior to shipment, for compliance with thestandards for workmanship and finish. Inspection and testing ofthe materials by the purchaser shall be as agreed upon by themanufacturer and purchaser at the time of purchase. Instead ofsuch inspection, when requested, the manufacturer shall certi
24、fythat his product conforms to the requirements of this specifi-cation.8.2 If any specimen fails to meet the requirements ofSections 5, 4,or6, two additional specimens shall be preparedfrom material manufactured during the same shift and shall besubjected to the test on which failure occurred. The f
25、ailure ofone of these additional specimens to meet the specificationrequirement shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot andclass manufactured.9. Test Methods9.1 Chemical Resistance Tests:9.1.1 Lined Test Specimens, Sulfuric Acid TestFill a stand-pipe, made from a 30-cm 1-ft section of lined p
26、ipe plugged atthe bottom with an inert material, to 5 cm 2 in. from the topwith a 5 mass % solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Maintainthese conditions for a period of 45 days at room temperature at25 6 5C 77 6 10F. After 45 days, remove the acid, washthe specimen free of acid, allow to dry, and exam
27、ine the drysurface of the lining. Any blister in the lining, formed duringthe test, which exceeds 3 mm 0.12 in. in any dimension shallindicate failure of this test.9.1.2 Lined Test Specimens, Sodium Hydroxide TestFill astandpipe, equivalent to that described in 9.1.1, to 5 cm 2 in.from the top with
28、a 5 mass % solution of sodium hydroxide(NaOH). Maintain these conditions for a period of 45 days atroom temperature at 25 6 5C 77 6 10F. After 45 days,remove the solution and examine the lining. Any cracking,swelling, or other visible degradation shall constitute failure ofthis test.9.1.3 Lining Mat
29、erialCast some 75 by 25 by 3.8-mm 3by 1 by 0.125-in. specimens from the plastic lining material.Completely immerse the specimens in the solutions required inTable 1. Test in accordance with Test Method D543 for periodsof 7 and 30 days at room temperature 25 6 5C 77 6 10F.Determine the initial and fi
30、nal mass of the specimens to 0.5 mgand calculate the percentage mass change to the nearest0.01 %.9.2 Adhesion Tests:9.2.1 All three of the following tests require stave speci-mens measuring approximately 10 by 10 cm 4 by 4 in.9.2.1.1 Four-Hour BoilingImmerse a 10 by 10 cm 4 by4 in. specimen in boili
31、ng distilled water for 4 h. Remove andsurface-dry the specimen before examination.9.2.1.2 Four-Day HotImmerse a 10 by 10 cm 4 by 4 in.specimen in distilled water maintained at 65C 150F for 96h. Remove and surface-dry the specimen before examination.9.2.1.3 Ninety-Day ImmersionImmerse a 10 by 10 cm 4
32、by 4 in. specimen in distilled water at room temperature 25 65C 77 6 10F for 90 days. Remove and surface-dry thespecimen before examination.9.2.2 Pull-Out TestsLining pull-outs tests are to be run asfollows:9.2.2.1 A solid metallic cylinder piece of known area shallbe bonded with full contact to the
33、 lining of a well-cleanedsample and covering the area of highest blister density, but notcloser than 1.5 cm 0.5 in. to the edge of the sample. MeansTABLE 1 Immersion Test RequirementsTest Number Liquid UsedConcentrations,Mass%1 distilled water, or dionized water 1002 sulfuric acid 103 acetic acid 54
34、 sodium hydroxide 5C541/C541M 98 (2011)12shall be provided for attachment of testing apparatus fordetermining pull-out force.9.2.2.2 To avoid the influence of the adjacent plastic liningon the test results, the lining around the circumference of thecontact piece shall be cut through to the surface o
35、f thesubstratum.9.2.2.3 The pull-out force divided by the area of the contactpiece gives the value of adhesion stress for the plastic lining tothe substrate.9.3 Thickness Measurement:9.3.1 Carefully remove a section of the lining from the pipeby prying up the lining at the end of the pipe with a sha
36、rp toolsuch as a chisel. Scrape or sand away any cementitiousmaterial adhering to the back of the lining before measurement.Using a standard micrometer with a 6-mm 0.25-in. hemi-spherical anvil, measure the thickness at two locations locatedat right angles to each other.10. Keywords10.1 asbestos; as
37、bestos-cement; asbestos-cement pipe; lin-ings; pipeASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent righ
38、ts, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for
39、revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing
40、you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may
41、be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C541/C541M 98 (2011)13
