1、2002年专业英语八级真题试卷及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture
2、. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 1 Study Activities in University In order to help college and university students in the process of learni
3、ng, four key study activities have been designed and used to encourage them to make knowledge their own. 1. Essay writing: central focus of university work esp. in the humanities, e.g【 L1】 benefits: l) Helping to select interesting content in books and to express understanding. 2)Enabling teachers t
4、o know progress and to offer 【 L2】 . 3) Familiarizing students with exam forms. 2. Seminars and classroom discussion: another form to internalize knowledge in specialized contexts. benefits:l) 【 L3】 enables you to know the effectivess of and others response to your speech immediately. 2) Within the
5、same period of time, more topics can be dealt with than in 【 L4】 .3) The use of a broader range of knowledge is encouraged. 3. Individual tutorials:a substitute for group discussion. format: from teacher 【 L5】 to flexible conversation, benefit: encouraging ideas and interaction. 4. Lectures: a most
6、【 L6】 used study activity. disadvantages: 1) Less 【 L7】 than discussions or tutorials. 2) More demanding than note-taking. advantages: 1) Providing a general 【 L8】 of a subject under discussion. 2) Offering more easily understood versions of a theory. 3) Updating students on 【 L9】 developments. 4) A
7、llowing students to follow different 【 L10】 1 【 L1】 2 【 L2】 3 【 L3】 4 【 L4】 5 【 L5】 6 【 L6】 7 【 L7】 8 【 L8】 9 【 L9】 10 【 L10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on
8、an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 According to the passage, during the 18th and 19th centuries cities were small in size mainly because （ A） the urban pupulation was stable. （ B） few
9、people lived in cities. （ C） transport was backward. （ D） it was originally planned. 12 Cities survived in those days largely as a result of （ A） the trade activities they undertook. （ B） the agricultural activities in the nearby areas. （ C） their relatively small size. （ D） the non-economic roles t
10、hey played. 13 Cities survived in those days largely as a result of （ A） the trade activities they undertook. （ B） the agricultural activities in the nearby areas. （ C） their relatively small size. （ D） the non-economic roles they played. 14 Urban people left cities for the following reasons EXCEPT
11、（ A） more economic opportunities. （ B） a freer social and political environment. （ C） more educational opportunities. （ D） a more relaxed religious environment. 15 Why did the early cities fail to grow as quickly as expected throughout the 18th century? （ A） Because the countryside attracted more pe
12、ople. （ B） Because cities did not increase in number. （ C） Because the functions of the cities changed. （ D） Because the number of city people was stable. 16 According to Janet, the factor that would most affect negotiations is （ A） English language proficiency. （ B） different cultural practices. （
13、C） different negotiation tasks. （ D） the international Americanized style. 17 Janets attitude towards the Americanized style as a model for business negotiations is （ A） supportive. （ B） negative. （ C） ambiguous. （ D） cautious. 18 Which of the following can NOT be seen as a difference between Brazil
14、ian and American negotiators? （ A） Americans prepare more points before negotiations. （ B） Americans are more straightforward during negotiations. （ C） Brazilians prefer more eye contact during negotiations. （ D） Brazilians seek more background information. 19 Which group of people seems to be the m
15、ost straightforward? （ A） The British. （ B） Germans. （ C） Americans. （ D） Not mentioned. 20 Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Japanese negotiators? （ A） Reserved. （ B） Prejudiced. （ C） Polite. （ D） Prudent. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything O
16、NCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 21 The news item is mainly about （ A） a call for research papers to be read at the conference. （ B） an international conference on traditional Tib
17、etan medicine. （ C） the number of participants at the conference and their nationalities. （ D） the preparations made by the sponsors for the international conference. 22 The news item mainly concerns _ in Hong Kong. （ A） Internet centres （ B） an IBM seminar （ C） e-government （ D） broadcasting 23 The
18、 aims of the three policy objectives include all the following EXCEPT （ A） improvement of government efficiency. （ B） promotion of e-commerce. （ C） integration of service delivery. （ D） formulation of Digital 21 Strategy. 24 Which of the following records was the second best time of the year by Dono
19、van Bailey? （ A） 9.98. （ B） 9.80. （ C） 9.91. （ D） 9.95. 25 The record shows that Bailey was （ A） still suffering from an injury. （ B） getting back in shape. （ C） unable to compete with Greene. （ D） less confident than before. 26 1 Do you ever feel as though you spend all your time in meetings? 2 Hen
20、ry Mintzberg, in his book The Nature of Managerial Work, found that in large organizations managers spent 22 per cent of their time at their desk, 6 per cent on the telephone, 3 per cent on other activities, but a whopping 69 per cent in meetings. 3 There is a widely-held but mistaken belief that me
21、etings are for “solving problems“and “making decisions“. For a start, the number of people attending a meeting tends to be inversely roportional to their collective ability to reach conclusions and make decisions. And these are the least important elements. 4 Instead hours are devoted to side issues
22、, playing elaborate games with one another. It seems, therefore, that meetings serve some purpose other than just making decisions. 5 All meetings have one thing in common: role-playing. The most formal role is that of chairman. He sets the agenda, and a good chairman will keep the meeting running o
23、n time and to the point. Sadly, the other, informal, role-players are often able to gain the upper hand. Chief is the “constant talker“, who just loves to hear his or her own voice. 6 Then there are the “cant do“ types who want to maintain the status quo. Since they have often been in the organizati
24、on for a long time, they frequently quote historical experience as an excuse to block change: “It wont work, we tried that last year and it was a disaster. “A more subtle version of the “cant do“ type, the “yes, but. ,“ has emerged recently. They have learnt about the need to sound positive, but the
25、y still cant bear to have things changed. 7 Another whole sub-set of characters are people who love meetings and want them to continue until 5: 30 p.m. or beyond. Irrelevant issues are their speciality. They need to call or attend meetings, either to avoid work, or to justify their lack of performan
26、ce, or simply because they do not have enough to do. 8 Then there are the “counter-dependents“, those who usually disagree with everything that is said, particularly if it comes from the chairman or through consensus from the group. These people need to fight authority in whatever form. 9 Meetings c
27、an also provide attenders with a sense of identification of their status and power. In this case, managers arrange meetings as a means of communicating to others the boundaries of their exclusive club: who is “in“, and who is not. 10 Because so many meetings end in confusion and without a decision,
28、another game is played at the end of meetings, called reaching a false consensus. Since it is important for the chairman to appear successful in problem-solving and making a decision, the group reaches a false consensus. Everyone is happy, having spent their time productively. The reality is that th
29、e decision is so ambiguous that it is never acted upon, or, if it is, there is continuing conflict, for Which another meeting is necessary. 11 In the end, meetings provide the opportunity for social intercourse, to engage in battle in front of our bosses, to avoid unpleasant or unsatisfying work, to
30、 highlight our social status and identity. They are, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological sideshow. Perhaps it is our civilized way of moderating, if not preventing, change. 26 On role-playing, the passage seems to indicate that chairman （ A） talks as much as particip
31、ants. （ B） is usually a “constant talker“. （ C） prefers to take the role of an observer. （ D） is frequently outshone by participants. 27 Which of the following is NOT a distinct characteristic of the three types of participants? （ A） Submissiveness. （ B） Stubbornness. （ C） Disobedience. （ D） Lack of
32、 focus. 28 The passage suggests that a false consensus was reached at the end of a meeting in order to （ A） make room for another meeting. （ B） bring an illusory sense of achievement. （ C） highlight the importance of a metting. （ D） go ahead with the agreed programme. 29 1 Cooperative competition. C
33、ompetitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travellers scratching their heads over whats going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travellers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent- flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses
34、, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion, theres no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each of the two mega-groupings, Oneworld and Star Alliance, promoting itself as the best choice for all travellers. And, even if yo
35、u turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans. By the end of the year, Oneworld and Star Alliance will between them control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits predict that figure will be more like 75%in 10 years. 2 But why, after years of oft
36、en ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Lets just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from
37、 the region-wide economic downturn that began two years ago just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground (rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew) and
38、code-sharing the practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircraft. 3 So alliances are terrific for airlines but are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP (frequent flyer programme) benefits, the round-the-world fares, a
39、nd the global service networks. Then theres the promise of “seamless“ travel: the ability to, say, travel trom Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janiero, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacifics di
40、rector of sales and marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. “Its fair to say that these links are only in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. Were working on this.“ Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some
41、 of the other benefits for consum ers: “Global travellers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries.“ Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards. 4 Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky, th
42、at alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programmes. Jeff Blyskal, associate editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. “I dont see much of a gain for consumers: al
43、liances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far as seamless travel goes, Ill believe it when I see it. Most airlines cant even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline.“ 5 Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and inc
44、reased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets. 6 The truth about allian
45、ces and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveller you are. 7 Those whove already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to b
46、enefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if youre a Marco Polo Club “gold“member of Cathay Pacifics Asia Miles FFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of Oneworld,
47、of which Cathay Pacific is a member even if youve never flown with them before. 8 For those who havent made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belong to United Airlines Mileage Plus and generally fly less than 25,000
48、miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance member All Nippon Airways and Thai Airways. 9 If you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extr
49、a trip anyway. The only real benefit infrequent flyers can draw from an alliance is an inexpensive round-the-world fare. 10 The bottom line: for all the marketing hype, alliances arent all things to all people but everybody can get some benefit out of them. 29 Which is the best word to describe air travellers reaction to airline alliances? （ A） Delight. （ B） Indifference. （ C） Objection. （ D） Puzzlement. 30 According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit （ A） Nort
