1、2005年 10月 TOEFL（托福）真题试卷（精选）及答案与解析 一、 Sections Three： Reading Comprehension 0 All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of feeding o
2、f the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals - have in common. But not all animal parents, even those tha
3、t tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her
4、young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with
5、 their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch. For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong qu
6、est for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animals life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their pa
7、rents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on th
8、e extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no survive. 1 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） The care that various animals give to their offspring. （ B） The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food. （ C） The methods that mammals use to nurse their young. （ D）
9、 The importance among young mammals of becoming independent. 2 The author lists various animals in line 5 to （ A） contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammals （ B） describe the process by which mammals came to be defined （ C） emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own y
10、oung （ D） explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective 3 The word “tend“ in line 7 is closest in meaning to （ A） sit on （ B） move （ C） notice （ D） care for 4 What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young? （ A） It is unknown among fish. （
11、 B） It is unrelated to the size of the young. （ C） It is dangerous for the parents. （ D） It is most common among mammals. 5 The word “provisioning“ in line 13 is closest in meaning to （ A） supplying （ B） preparing （ C） building （ D） expanding 6 According to the passage, how do some insects make sure
12、 their young have food? （ A） By storing food near their young. （ B） By locating their nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars. （ C） By searching for food some distance from their nest. （ D） By gathering food from a nearby water sourc 7 The word “edge“ in line 17 is closest in meaning to （ A） op
13、portunity （ B） advantage （ C） purpose （ D） rest 8 The word “it“ in line 20 refers to （ A） Feeding （ B） moment （ C） young animal （ D） size 9 According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless when （ A） their parents are away searching for food （ B） their parents have many young to feed （ C）
14、they are only a few days old （ D） they first become independent 10 The word “shielded“ in line 22 is closest in meaning to （ A） raised （ B） protected （ C） hatched （ D） valued 10 Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints a
15、re made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse. The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process w
16、as not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the im
17、age in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press. Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmiths art, originated in Germany an
18、d northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve“). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remain
19、s in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink. Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lin
20、es. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several
21、 hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before. 11 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） The origins of textile decorati
22、on （ B） The characteristics of good-quality prints （ C） Two types of printmaking （ D） Types of paper used in printmaking 12 The word “prime“ in line 2 is closest in meaning to （ A） principal （ B） complex （ C） general （ D） recent 13 The authors purposes in paragraph 2 is to describe （ A） the woodcuts
23、 found in China in the fifth century （ B） the use of woodcuts in the textile industry （ C） the process involved in creating a woodcut （ D） the introduction of woodcuts to Europe 14 The word “incised“ in line 15 is closest in meaning to （ A） burned （ B） cut （ C） framed （ D） baked 15 Which of the foll
24、owing terms is defined in the passage? （ A） patterns(line 5) （ B） grain(line 8) （ C） burin(line 16) （ D） grooves(line 17) 16 The word “distinctive“ in line 19 is closest in meaning to （ A） unique （ B） accurate （ C） irregular （ D） similar 17 According to the passage, all of the following are true abo
25、ut engraving EXCEPT that it （ A） developed from the art of the goldsmiths （ B） requires that the paper be cut with a burin （ C） originated in the fifteenth century （ D） involves carving into a metal plate 18 The word “yield“ in line 23 is closest in meaning to （ A） imitate （ B） produce （ C） revise （
26、 D） contrast 19 According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common? （ A） Their designs are slightly raised. （ B） They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching. （ C） They were first used in Europe. （ D） They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original. 20 Ac
27、cording to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century? （ A） Prints could be made at low cost. （ B） The quality of paper and ink had improved. （ C） Many people became involved in the printmaking industry. （ D） Decreased demand for prints
28、 kept prices affordabl 21 According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they （ A） can be reproduced on materials other than paper （ B） are created from a reversed image （ C） show variations between light and dark shades （ D） require a printing press 21 The first pe
29、oples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages an
30、d developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from si
31、tes in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America an
32、d as far west as the Rocky Mountains. About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeas
33、t from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although
34、on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun - the guarantor of good crop
35、s. Many tribes called themselves “children of the Sun“ and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god. Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which
36、 stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds. 22 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） The development of agric
37、ulture （ B） The locations of towns and villages （ C） The early people and cultures of the United States （ D） The construction of burial mounds 23 Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States? （ A） The development of trade in North America （ B） The es
38、tablishment of permanent settlements （ C） Conflicts with other Native American groups over land （ D） A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains. 24 What does the term “Adena-Hopewell“(line 7) designate? （ A） The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell culture （ B） The two most important natio
39、ns of the Adena-Hopewell culture （ C） Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds. （ D） Two important trade routes in eastern North America 25 The word “bartering“ in line 9 is closest in meaning to （ A） producing （ B） exchanging （ C） transporting （ D） loading 26 The word “supplante
40、d“ in line 13 is closest in meaning to （ A） conquered （ B） preceded （ C） replaced （ D） imitated 27 According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development? （ A） About A.D.400 （ B） Between A.D. 400 AND A.D.700 （ C） About A.D. 1200 （ D） In the sixteenth cent
41、ury 28 According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors? （ A） The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food. （ B） The Mississippians sold their food to other groups. （ C） The Mississippians could only grow pla
42、nts in warm, dry climates. （ D） The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders. 29 Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves “children of the Sun“(line 22)? （ A） To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs. （ B） To argue about t
43、he importance of religion in their culture. （ C） To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture. （ D） To provide an example of their religious rituals. 30 The phrase “charged with“ in line 26 is closest in meaning to （ A） passed on （ B） experienced at （ C） interested in （ D） assigned
44、to 31 According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPT （ A） religious ceremonies （ B） meeting places for the entire community （ C） sites for commerce （ D） burial sites 31 Overland transport in the United States was still extre
45、mely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new er
46、a of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a com
47、pany in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (T
48、he states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.) The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a
49、 network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie. Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shift
