1、2013年职称英语（卫生类） A级真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 The drinking water has became contaminated with lead. （ A） treated （ B） tested （ C） corrupted （ D） polluted 2 Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law. （ A） moral （ B） regular （ C
2、） fundamental （ D） hard 3 The rules are too rigid to allow for human error. （ A） inflexible （ B） general （ C） complex （ D） direct 4 She shed a few tears at her daughters wedding. （ A） wiped （ B） injected （ C） removed （ D） produced 5 They didnt seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem. （ A） ex
3、istence （ B） importance （ C） cause （ D） situation 6 The contract between the two companies will expire soon. （ A） end （ B） shorten （ C） start （ D） resume 7 The proposal was endorsed the majority of members. （ A） approved （ B） rejected （ C） submitted （ D） considered 8 The police will need to keep a w
4、ary eye on this area of town. （ A） naked （ B） cautious （ C） blind （ D） private 9 Many experts remain skeptical about his claims. （ A） untouched （ B） certain （ C） doubtful （ D） silent 10 Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems. （ A） send （ B） hear （ C） confirm （ D） spread 11 Three worl
5、d-class tennis players came to content for this title. （ A） argue （ B） compete （ C） claim （ D） wish 12 The tower remains intact even after two hundred years. （ A） unknown （ B） unusual （ C） undamaged （ D） unstable 13 The methods of communication used during the war were primitive. （ A） reliable （ B）
6、effective （ C） simple （ D） alternative 14 Come out, or Ill bust the door down. （ A） shut （ B） set （ C） beat （ D） break 15 This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed. （ A） turned dead （ B） passed by （ C） become extinct （ D） carried away 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的短
7、文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。 15 In Your Face Why is this man so angry? We dont know the reason, hut we can see the emotion in his face. Whatever culture you have, you can understand the feeling that he is expressing. Forty years ago, psychol
8、ogist Paul Ekman of the University of California, San Francisco, became interested in how peoples face show their feelings. He took photographs of Americans expressing various emotions. Then he showed them to the Fore people, who live in the jungle in New Guinea. Most of the Fore had never seen fore
9、ign faces, but they easily understood Americans expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, and surprise. Then Ekman did the same experiment in reverse. He showed pictures of Fore faces to Americans, and the results were similar. Americans had no problems reading the emotions on the For
10、e peoples faces. Fkmans research gave powerful support to the theory that facial expressions for basic emotions are the same everywhere. He did more research in Japan, Brazil, and Argentina, and got the same results. According to Ekman, these six emotions are universal because they are built into ou
11、r brains. They developed to help us deal with things quickly that might hurt us. Some emotional triggers are universal as well. When something suddenly comes into sight, people feel fear, because it might be dangerous. But most emotional triggers are learned. For example, two people might smell newl
12、y cut grass. One reason spent wonderful summers in the country as a child, so the smell makes him happy. The other person remembers working very hard on a farm and being hungry, so he feels sad. Once we make an emotional association in our brain, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to change
13、it. “Emotion is the least changeable part of the brain. “ says Ekman. But we can learn to manage our emotions better. For instance, we can be more aware of things that make us angry, and we can think before we react. There are many differences between cultures, in their languages and customs. But a
14、smile is exactly the same everywhere. 16 Paul Ekman studies peoples faces in different cultures. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 17 Ekman did research in several countries and got different results. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 18 Americans get angry more often than the Fore peo
15、ple from New Guinea. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 19 Ekman thinks that some basic emotions are the same everywhere. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 20 Two people might feel different emotions about the same thing. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 21 Fear is the most diff
16、icult emotion to change. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 22 People of different cultures smile when they understand each other. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 三、 概括大意与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试任务： (1)第 23-26题要求 从所给的 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳标题； (2)第 27-30题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句
17、子确定一个最佳选项。 22 Organic food: Why? 1. Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of organic food for some people? The really important thing is that organic sounds more “natural“. Eating organic is a
18、way of defining oneself as natural, good, caring, different from the junk-food-eating masses. 2. Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with natural, rather than man-made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation(轮种 )improve soil quality and help organic
19、farmers compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals. As a method of food production, organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are severe limits to how much food can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertilisers are tiny compared w
20、ith the amount of carbon dioxide emitted(排放 )by transporting food. 3. Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide continue to reject this claim. An extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found that there was no statisti
21、cally significant difference between organic and conventional crops. Even where results indicated there was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences would have any noticeable effect on health. 4. The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conve
22、ntional food was always likely to be misleading. Food is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of reasons, including freshness, the way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on. Lik
23、ewise, the flavour of a carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure(粪便 )or something out of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up. 5. The notion that organic food is safer than “normal“ food is also contradicted by the fact that many of ou
24、r most common food are full of natural toxins(毒素 ). As one research expert says:“People think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the case. In fact, it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more likely it is that w
25、ill poison you. Naturally, many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10, 000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops. “ A. Main reason for the popularity of organic food. B. Description of organic farming. C. Factors that affect food health value. D. Testi
26、ng the taste of organic food. E. Necessity to remove hidden dangers from food. F. Research into whether organic food is better. 23 Paragraph 1_ 24 Paragraph 2_ 25 Paragraph 3_ 26 Paragraph 4_ 26 A. show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones B. be specially trained C. improve soil quali
27、ty D. poison you E. be eaten F. affect their nutritional content 27 Techniques of organic farming help_. 28 There is no convincing evidence to_. 29 The weather conditions during the growth of crops_. 30 The closer a plant is to its natural state, the less suitable it is to . 四、 阅读理解 (第 31-45题，每题 3分，
28、共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 30 Why Dont Babies Talk Like Adults? Over the past half-century, scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk. One states that a young childs brain needs time to master language, in the same way that it does to master other abilit
29、ies such as physical movement. The second theory states that a childs vocabulary level is the key factor. According to this theory, some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation occurs. Childrens mathematical knowledge develops in the same way. In 2007, researchers at
30、Harvard University, who were studying the two theories, found a clever way to test them. More than 20, 000 internationally adopted children enter the U. S. each year. Many of them no longer hear their birth language after they arrive, and they must learn English more or less the same way infants do
31、that is, by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees dont take classes or use a dictionary when they are learning their new tongue and most of them dont have a well-developed first language. All of these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypothese
32、s about how language is learned. Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker, Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27 children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years. These children began learning English at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains wi
33、th which to tackle the task. Even so, just as with American-born infants, their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft(缺乏的 )of function words, word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a fast
34、er clip. The adoptees and native children started combing words in sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes, further suggesting that what matter is not how old you are or how mature your hrain is, but the number of words you know. This finding that having more mature brains did not hel
35、p the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage-suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains, but because they have only just started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations. Before long, the one-word stage will give way to th
36、e two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process. But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question. Adult immigrants who learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised as
37、a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a “critical period“ for language development, after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency. Yet we still do not understand this critical period or know why it ends. 31 What is the writers main purpose in Paragraph 2? （ A） To re
38、ject the view that adopted children need two languages. （ B） To argue that culture affects the way children learn a language. （ C） To give reasons why adopted children were used in the study. （ D） To justify a particular approach to language learning. 32 Snedeker, Geren and Shafto based their study
39、on children who （ A） were finding it difficult to learn English. （ B） were learning English at a later age than US children. （ C） had come from a number of language backgrounds. （ D） had taken English lessons in China. 33 What aspect of the adopted childrens language development differed from that o
40、f US-born children ? （ A） The rate at which they acquired language. （ B） Their first words. （ C） The way they learnt English. （ D） The point at which they started producing sentences. 34 What does the Harvard finding show? （ A） Not all toddlers use babytalk. （ B） Some children need more conversation
41、 than others. （ C） Language learning takes place in ordered steps. （ D） Not all brains work in the same way. 35 When the writer says “critical period“, he means a period when （ A） studies produce useful results. （ B） adults need to be taught like children. （ C） language learning takes place effectiv
42、ely. （ D） immigrants want to learn another language. 35 DNA Fingerprinting DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals(哺乳动物 )the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes(染色体 ). With the exception of identical twins, the complete DNA
43、of each individual is unique. DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva(唾液 ). The sample is then segmented
44、using enzymes(酶 ), and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two samples probably came from the same person.
45、 DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988.
46、 In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial
47、in a number of areas; the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique. The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are “fingerprinted“; a DNA fingerprint may not be
48、 unique; large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the tes
49、t, human error could lead to false results. DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence. Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database. 36 If two sisters are identical twins, their complete DNAs are （ A） the same. （ B） unique. （ C） different. （ D） similar. 37 DNA fingerprinting
