1、2016年专业英语八级真题试卷及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) yo
2、u fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Models for Arguments I. Three models for arguments A. the first model for arguing is called【 T1】 _: 【 T1】 _ arguments are treated
3、 as war there is much winning and losing it is a【 T2】 _model for arguing【 T2】 _ B. the second model for arguing is arguments as proofs: warranted【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ valid inferences and conclusions no【 T4】 _in the adversarial sense【 T4】 _ C. the third model for arguing is【 T5】 _: 【 T5】 _ the audience is【
4、 T6】 _in the argument【 T6】 _ arguments must【 T7】 _the audience【 T7】 _ II. Traits of the argument as war A. very dominant: it can shape【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ B. strong arguments are needed C. negative effects include: 【 T9】 _are emphasized【 T9】 _ winning is the only purpose this type of arguments prevent【 T1
5、0】 _【 T10】 _ the worst thing is【 T11】 _【 T11】 _ D. implication from arguments as war: 【 T12】 _【 T12】 _ e. g. , one providing reasons and the other raising【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ the other one is finally persuaded III. Suggestions on new ways to【 T14】 _of arguments【 T14】 _ A. think of new kinds of arguments
6、 B. change roles in arguments C.【 T15】 _【 T15】 _ 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 SECTION B INTERVIEW In this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the e
7、nd of each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A , B , C and D , and mark the best answer to each question on
8、 ANSWER SHEET TWO. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions. （ A） Maggies university life. （ B） Her moms life at Harvard. （ C） Maggies view on studying with Mom. （ D） Maggies opinion on her moms major. （ A） They take exams in the same weeks. （ B） They have similar lecture notes. （ C） They ap
9、ply for the same internship. （ D） They follow the same fashion. （ A） Having roommates. （ B） Practicing court trials. （ C） Studying together. （ D） Taking notes by hand. （ A） Protection. （ B） Imagination. （ C） Excitement. （ D） Encouragement. （ A） Thinking of ways to comfort Mom. （ B） Occasional interf
10、erence from Mom. （ C） Untimely calls when Maggie is busy. （ D） Frequent check on Maggies grades. （ A） Because parents need to be ready for new jobs. （ B） Because parents love to return to college. （ C） Because kids require their parents to do so. （ D） Because kids find it hard to adapt to college li
11、fe. （ A） Real estate agent. （ B） Financier. （ C） Lawyer. （ D） Teacher. （ A） Delighted. （ B） Excited. （ C） Bored. （ D） Frustrated. （ A） How to make a cake. （ B） How to make omelets. （ C） To accept what is taught. （ D） To plan a future career. （ A） Unsuccessful. （ B） Gradual. （ C） Frustrating. （ D） Pa
12、ssionate. SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 25 (1)There was music
13、from my neighbors house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach whi
14、le his two motor-boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes(滑水板 )over cataracts of foam. On weekends Mr. Gatsbys Rolls-Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow b
15、ug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with scrubbing-brushes and hammer and garden-shears, repairing the ravages of the night before. (2)Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruiterer in New Yorkevery Monday these s
16、ame oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves. There was a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of two hundred oranges in half an hour if a little button was pressed two hundred times by a butlers thumb. (3)At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers cam
17、e down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsbys enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors-doeuvre(冷盘 ), spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold.
18、 In the main hall a bar with a real brass rail was set up, and stocked with gins and liquors and with cordials(加香甜酒 )so long forgotten that most of his female guests were too young to know one from another. (4)By seven oclock the orchestra has arrivedno thin five-piece affair, but a whole pitful of
19、oboes and trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets and piccolos and low and high drums. The last swimmers have come in from the beach now and are dressing upstairs: the cars from New York are parked five deep in the drive, and already the halls and salons and verandas are gaudy with primary co
20、lors and hair shorn in strange new ways, and shawls beyond the dreams of Castile. The bar is in full swing, and floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outside until the air is alive with chatter and laughter and casual innuendo and introductions forgotten on the spot and enthusiastic meeti
21、ngs between women who never knew each others names. (5)The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun, and now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music, and the opera of voices pitches a key higher. Laughter is easier, minute by minute, spilled with prodigality, tipped out at
22、a cheerful word. (6)The groups change more swiftly, swell with new arrivals, dissolve and form in the same breath already there are wanderers, confident girls who weave here and there among the stouter and more stable, become for a sharp joyous moment the centre of a group, and then, excited with tr
23、iumph, glide on through the sea-change of faces and voices and color under the constantly changing light. (7)Suddenly one of the gypsies in trembling opal, seizes a cocktail out of the air, dumps it down for courage and, moving her hands like Frisco, dances out alone on the canvas platform. A moment
24、ary hush: the orchestra leader varies his rhythm obligingly for her, and there is a burst of chatter as the erroneous news goes around that she is Gilda Grays understudy from the Follies. The party has begun. (8)I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsbys house I was one of the few guests wh
25、o had actually been invited. People were not invitedthey went there. They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island, and somehow they ended up at Gatsbys door. Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby, and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules o
26、f behavior associated with amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission. (9)I had been actually invited. A chauffeur in a uniform crossed my lawn early that Saturday morning with a s
27、urprisingly formal note from his employerthe honor would be entirely Gatsbys, it said, if I would attend his “little party“ that night. He had seen me several times and had intended to call on me long before but a peculiar combination of circumstances had prevented itsigned Jay Gatsby in a majestic
28、hand. (10)Dressed up in white flannels I went over to his lawn a little after seven and wandered around rather ill-at-ease among swirls and eddies of people I didnt knowthough here and there was a face I had noticed on the commuting train. I was immediately struck by the number of young Englishmen d
29、otted about: all well dressed, all looking a little hungry and all talking in low earnest voices to solid and prosperous Americans. I was sure that they were all selling something: bonds or insurance or automobiles. They were, at least, agonizingly aware of the easy money in the vicinity and convinc
30、ed that it was theirs for a few words in the right key. (11)As soon as I arrived I made an attempt to find my host but the two or three people of whom I asked his whereabouts stared at me in such an amazed way and denied so vehemently any knowledge of his movements that I slunk off in the direction
31、of the cocktail tablethe only place in the garden where a single man could linger without looking purposeless and alone. 26 It can be learned from Para. 1 that Mr. Gatsby_through the summer. （ A） entertained guests from everywhere every weekend （ B） invited his guests to ride in his Rolls-Royce at w
32、eekends （ C） liked to show off by letting guests ride in his vehicles （ D） indulged himself in parties with people from everywhere 27 In Para. 4, the word “permeate“ probably means_. （ A） perish （ B） push （ C） penetrate （ D） perpetrate 28 It can be inferred from Para. 8 that_. （ A） guests need to kn
33、ow Gatsby in order to attend his parties （ B） people somehow ended up in Gatsbys house as guests （ C） Gatsby usually held garden parties for invited guests （ D） guests behaved themselves in a rather formal manner 29 According to Para. 10, the author felt_at Gatsbys party. （ A） dizzy （ B） dreadful （
34、C） furious （ D） awkward 30 What can be concluded from Para. 11 about Gatsby? （ A） He was not expected to be present at the parties. （ B） He was busy receiving and entertaining guests. （ C） He was usually out of the house at the weekend. （ D） He was unwilling to meet some of the guests. 30 (1)The Ter
35、m “CYBERSPACE“ was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel, “Neuromancer“ , whose main character, Henry Dorsett Case, is a troubled computer hacker and drug addict. In the book Mr Gibson desc
36、ribes cyberspace as “a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators“ and “a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. “ (2)His literary creation turned out to be remarkably prescient(有先见之明的 ). Cyberspace has beco
37、me symbolic of the computing devices, networks, fibre-optic cables, wireless links and other infrastructure that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The myriad connections forged by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to tap into hu
38、manitys collective store of knowledge every day. (3)But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data breaches are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through such attacks. Among the most prominent recent victims has been Target, whose c
39、hief executive, Gregg Steinhafel, stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant American retailer revealed that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit- and debit-card details. Other well-known firms such as Adobe, a tech company,
40、and eBay, an online marketplace, have also been hit. (4)The potential damage, though, extends well beyond such commercial incursions. Wider concerns have been raised by the revelations about the mass surveillance carried out by Western intelligence agencies made by Edward Snowden, a contractor to Am
41、ericas National Security Agency(NSA), as well as by the growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countries that see cyberspace as a new domain of warfare. Americas President, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release earlier this year that cyber-threats “pose one of the gravest n
42、ational-security dangers“ the country is facing. (5)Securing cyberspace is hard because the architecture of the internet was designed to promote connectivity, not security. Its founders focused on getting it to work and did not worry much about threats because the network was affiliated with America
43、s military. As hackers turned up, layers of security, from antivirus programs to firewalls, were added to try to keep them at bay. Gartner, a research firm, reckons that last year organizations around the globe spent $ 67 billion on information security. (6)On the whole, these defenses have worked r
44、easonably well. For all the talk about the risk of a “cyber 9/11“ , the internet has proved remarkably resilient. Hundreds of millions of people turn on their computers every day and bank online, shop at virtual stores, swap gossip and photos with their friends on social networks and send all kinds
45、of sensitive data over the web without ill effect. Companies and governments are shifting ever more services online. (7)But the task is becoming harder. Cyber-security, which involves protecting both data and people, is facing multiple threats, notably cybercrime and online industrial espionage, bot
46、h of which are growing rapidly. A recent estimate by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies(CSIS), puts the annual global cost of digital crime and intellectual-property theft at $ 445 billiona sum roughly equivalent to the GDP of a smallish rich European country such as Austria. (8)To a
47、dd to the worries, there is also the risk of cyber-sabotage. Terrorists or agents of hostile powers could mount attacks on companies and systems that control vital parts of an economy, including power stations, electrical grids and communications networks. Such attacks are hard to pull off, but not
48、impossible. One precedent is the destruction in 2010 of centrifuges(离心机 )at a nuclear facility in Iran by a computer program known as Stuxnet. (9)But such events are rare. The biggest day-to-day threats faced by companies and government agencies come from crooks and spooks hoping to steal financial
49、data and trade secrets. For example, smarter, better-organized hackers are making life tougher for the cyber-defenders, but even so a number of things can be done to keep everyone safer than they are now. (10)One is to ensure that organizations get the basics of cyber-security right. All too often breaches are caused by simple blunders, such as faili
