1、GMAT（ VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷 13及答案与解析 0 In 1977 the prestigious Ewha Women s University in Seoul, Korea, announced the opening of the first womens studies program in Asia. Few aca- demic programs have ever received such public attention. In broadcast debates, critics dismissed the program as a betrayal of na
2、tional identity, an imitation of Western ideas, and a distraction from the real task of national unification and economic development. Even supporters underestimated the program; they thought it would be merely another of the many Western ideas that had already proved useful in Asian culture, akin t
3、o airlines, electricity, and the assembly line. The founders of the program, however, realized that neither view was correct. They had some reservations about the applicability of Western feminist theories to the role of women in Asia and felt that such theories should be closely examined. Their app
4、roach has thus far yielded important critiques of Western theory, informed by the special experience of Asian women. For instance, like the Western feminist critique of the Freudian model of the human psyche, the Korean cri- tique finds Freudian theory culture-bound, but in ways different from those
5、 cited by Western theorists. The Korean theorists claim that Freudian theory assumes the universality of the Western nuclear, male-headed family and focuses on the personality formation of the individual, independent of society. An analysis based on such assumptions could be valid for a highly compe
6、titive, individu- alistic society. In the Freudian family drama, family members are assumed to be engaged in a Darwinian struggle against each other father against son and sibling against sibling. Such a con- cept of projects the competitive model of Western society onto human personalities. But in
7、the Asian concept of personality there is no ideal attached to individualism or to the independent self. The Western model of personality development does not explain major characteristics of the Korean personality, which is social and group-centered. The “self“ is a social being defined by and acti
8、ng in a group, and the well-being of both men and women is determined by the equilibrium of the group, not by individual self-assertion. The ideal is one of interdependency. In such a context, what is recognized as “dependence“ in Western psychiatric terms is not, in Korean terms, an admission of we
9、akness or failure. All this bears directly on the Asian percep- tion of mens and womens psychology because men are also “dependent.“ In Korean culture, men cry and otherwise easily show their emotions, something that might be considered a betrayal of masculinity in Western culture. In the kinship-ba
10、sed society of Korea, four generations may live in the same house, which means that people can be sons and daughters all their lives, whereas in Western culture, the roles of husband and son, wife and daughter, are often incompatible. 1 Which of the following best summarizes the content of the passa
11、ge? （ A） A critique of a particular women s studies program. （ B） A report of work in social theory done by a particular women s studies program. （ C） An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a particular women s studies program. （ D） An analysis of the philosophy underlying womens studies p
12、rograms. （ E） An abbreviated history of Korean womens studies programs. 2 It can be inferred from the passage that Korean scholars in the field of women s studies undertook an analysis of Freudian theory as a response to which of the following? （ A） Attacks by critics of the Ewha womens studies prog
13、ram. （ B） The superficiality of earlier critiques of Freudian theory. （ C） The popularity of Freud in Korean psychiatric circles. （ D） Their desire to encourage Korean scholars to adopt the Freudian model. （ E） Their assessment of the relevance and limitations of Western feminist theory with respect
14、 to Korean culture. 3 Which of the following conclusions about the introduction of Western ideas to Korean society can be supported by information contained in the passage? （ A） Except for technological innovations, few Western ideas have been successfully transplanted into Korean society. （ B） The
15、introduction of Western ideas to Korean society is viewed by some Koreans as a challenge to Korean identity. （ C） The development of the Korean economy depends heavily on the development of new academic programs modeled after Western programs. （ D） The extent to which Western ideas must be adapted f
16、or acceptance by Korean society is minimal. （ E） The introduction of Western ideas to Korean society accelerated after 1977. 4 It can be inferred from the passage that the broadcast media in Korea considered the establishment of the Ewha women s studies program （ A） praisewort hy. （ B） insignificant
17、. （ C） newsworthy. （ D） imitative. （ E） incomprehensible. 5 It can be inferred from the passage that the position taken by some of the supporters of the Ewha women s studies program was problematic to the founders of the program because those supporters （ A） assumed that the program would be based o
18、n the uncritical adoption of Western theory. （ B） failed to show concern for the issues of national unification and economic development. （ C） were unfamiliar with Western feminist theory. （ D） were not themselves scholars in the field of womens studies. （ E） accepted the universality of Freudian th
19、eory. 6 Which of the following statements is most consistent with the view of personality development held by the Ewha womens studies group? （ A） Personality development occurs in identifiable stages, beginning with dependency in childhood and ending with independence in adulthood. （ B） Any theory o
20、f personality development, in order to be valid, must be universal. （ C） Personality development is influenced by the characteristics of the society in which a person lives. （ D） Personality development is hindered if a person is not permitted to be independent. （ E） No theory of personality develop
21、ment can account for the differences between Korean and Western culture. 7 Which of the following statements about the Western feminist critique of Freudian theory can be supported by information contained in the passage? （ A） It recognizes the influence of Western culture on Freudian theory. （ B） I
22、t was written after 1977. （ C） It acknowledges the universality of the nuclear, male-headed family. （ D） It challenges Freuds analysis of the role of daughters in Western society. （ E） It fails to address the issue of competitiveness in Western society. 8 According to the passage, critics of the Ewh
23、a women s studies program cited the program as a threat to which of the following? I . National identity. II . National unification. III. Economic development. IV. Family integrity. （ A） I only （ B） I and II only （ C） I , II and IE only （ D） II , III and IV only （ E） I , II, III and IV 8 In choosing
24、 a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rare
25、ly encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second, in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. T
26、hird, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating o
27、f only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of be
28、ds above and below is more risky. One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a reliable picture. In arid and semiarid region
29、s, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that l
30、ake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than
31、it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporation. Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen gr
32、ains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and cli- mate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or
33、a few plant types can change the picture dramatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain. 9 Which of the following statements about the difference between marine and continental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage? （ A） Data provided by d
34、ating marine sedimentation is more consistent with researchers findings in other disciplines than is data provided by dating continental sedimentation. （ B） It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of continental sedimentation than it is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence
35、of marine sedimentation . （ C） Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentation. （ D） Researchers are more often forced to rely on extrapolation when dating a layer of marine sedimentation than when dating a layer of continental sedimentation . （ E） Marine sedimentation is
36、 much more continuous than is continental sedimentation . 10 Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage as a whole? （ A） The author describes a method for determining past climatic conditions and then offers specific examples of situations in which it has been u
37、sed. （ B） The author discusses the method of dating marine and continental sequences and then explains how dating is more difficult with lake levels than with pollen profiles. （ C） The author describes the common requirements of methods for determining past climatic conditions and then discusses exa
38、mples of such methods. （ D） The author describes various ways of choosing a material for determining past climatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yielded contradictory data. （ E） The author describes how methods for determining past climatic conditions were first developed a
39、nd then describes two of the earliest known methods. 11 It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologists have concluded which of the following on the basis of their study of snowline elevations in the southwestern United States? （ A） There is usually more precipitation during an ice age
40、because of increased amounts of evaporation. （ B） There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today. （ C） Lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during the last ice age than they are today. （ D） During the last ice age, cooler weather led to lower la
41、ke levels than paleoclimatologists had previously assumed. （ E） The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been a result of less evaporation rather than more precipitation. 12 Which of the following would be the most likely topic for a paragraph that logically continues the passage? （ A）
42、The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions. （ B） The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution. （ C） The material best suited to preserving signals of climatic changes. （ D） Other criteria invoked by paleoclimatologists when choosing a method to determine past climatic condit
43、ions. （ E） A third method for investigating past climatic conditions. 13 The author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order to （ A） illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level, evaporation, and precipitation. （ B） provide an example of the uncertainty inv
44、olved in interpreting lake levels. （ C） prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which to make accurate correlations. （ D） explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation. （ E） suggest that snowline elevations are invariably more accurate than lake levels i
45、n determining rates of precipitation at various points in the past. 14 It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signal found in geological material would not be useful to paleo-climatologists if it （ A） had to be interpreted by modern chemical means. （ B） reflected a change in clima
46、te rather than a long-term climatic condition. （ C） was incorporated into a material as the material was forming. （ D） also reflected subsequent environmental changes. （ E） was contained in a continental rather than a marine sequence. 15 According to the passage, the material used to determine past
47、climatic conditions must be widespread for which of the following reasons? I . Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history. II. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of vegetation. III. Paleoclimatologists need to make
48、 comparisons with data collected in other regions. （ A） I only （ B） II only （ C） I and II only （ D） I and III only （ E） II and III only 16 Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of past climates in arid and semiarid regions? （ A） It is sometimes more difficult to det
49、ermine past climatic conditions in arid and semiarid regions than in temperate regions. （ B） Although in the past more research has been done on temperate regions, paleoclimatologists have recently turned their attention to arid and semiarid regions. （ C） Although more information about past climates can be gathered in arid and semiarid than in temperate regions, dating this information is more difficult. （ D） It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions because their climates have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions. （ E）
