1、GMAT（ VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷 19及答案与解析 0 Many United States companies have, unfortunately, made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the United States International Trade Commission(ITC)has received about 280 complaints alleging damage from imports that
2、 benefit from subsidies by foreign governments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped“ their products in the United States at “less than fair value.“ Even when no unfair practices are alleged, the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek rel
3、ief. Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely th
4、at a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned com
5、pany establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its com- petitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad the United Sta
6、tes company s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties. Perhaps the most brazen case oc- curred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt, used to deice roads. The
7、 bizarre aspect of the com- plaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “United States“ company claiming in- jury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian“ companies include
8、d a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt. 1 The passage is chiefly concerned with （ A） arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporations. （ B） warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has uninten
9、ded consequences. （ C） demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States government. （ D） advocating the use of trade restrictions for “ dumped“ products but not for other imports. （ E） recommending a uniform
10、method for handling claims of unfair trade practices. 2 It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following? （ A） A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government. （ B） A foreign competitor ha
11、s substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States. （ C） A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value. （ D） The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States. （ E） The company r
12、equesting import relief has been barred from exporting products to the country of its foreign competitor. 3 The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage? （ A） It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research. （ B） It presents a recommenda
13、tion based on the evidence presented earlier. （ C） It discusses an exceptional case in which the results expected by the author of the passage were not obtained. （ D） It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier. （ E） It cites a specific case that illustrates a problem presented
14、 more generally in the previous paragraph. 4 The passage warns of which of the following dangers? （ A） Companies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition. （ B） Companies that seek legal protection from import competition
15、 may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain. （ C） Companies that are United States-owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate. （ D） Companies that are not United States-owned
16、may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws. （ E） Companies in the United States that import raw materials may have to pay duties on those materials. 5 The passage suggests that which of the following is most likely to be true of United States trade laws?
17、 （ A） They will eliminate the practice of “ dumping“ products in the United States. （ B） They will enable manufacturers in the United States to compete more profitably outside the United States. （ C） They will affect United States trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations. （ D）
18、 Those that help one unit within a parent company will not necessarily help other units in the company. （ E） Those that are applied to international companies will accomplish their intended result. 6 It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about the compla
19、int mentioned in the last paragraph? （ A） The ITC acted unfairly toward the complainant in its investigation. （ B） The complaint violated the intent of import relief laws. （ C） The response of the ITC to the complaint provided suitable relief from unfair trade practices to the complainant. （ D） The
20、ITC did not have access to appropriate information concerning the case. （ E） Each of the companies involved in the complaint acted in its own best interest. 7 According to the passage, companies have the general impression that International Trade Commission import relief practices have （ A） caused
21、unpredictable fluctuations in volumes of imports and exports. （ B） achieved their desired effect only under unusual circumstances. （ C） actually helped companies that have requested import relief. （ D） been opposed by the business community. （ E） had less impact on international companies than the b
22、usiness community expected. 8 According to the passage, the International Trade Commission is involved in which of the following? （ A） Investigating allegations of unfair import competition. （ B） Granting subsidies to companies in the United States that have been injured by import competition. （ C）
23、Recommending legislation to ensure fair. （ D） Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United States. （ E） Assisting corporations in the United States that wish to compete globally. 8 At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs an
24、d an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field obse
25、rvations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observ- ing from without. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly
26、disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever. There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquir- ing accurate and complete information. Franz Boas, for example, descri
27、bed autobiographies as being “of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,“ while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigators own emoti
28、onal tone to be reliable. Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of
29、 their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the
30、names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories. Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount
31、of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from an- other culture. 9 Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? （ A） The historical backgrounds of two currently used research methods are chronicled. （ B） The validity of the data collected by using two dif
32、ferent research methods is compared. （ C） The usefulness of a research method is questioned and then a new method is proposed. （ D） The use of a research method is described and the limitations of the results obtained are discussed. （ E） A research method is evaluated and the changes necessary for i
33、ts adaptation to other subject areas are discussed. 10 Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans? （ A） A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid relating personally i
34、ncriminating evidence. （ B） A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock s value. （ C） A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar. （ D） A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the reci
35、pe of his prizewinning dessert. （ E） A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herself. 11 According to the passage, collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because （ A） life stories provide deepe
36、r insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academics who are not members of that culture. （ B） life stories can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretations. （ C） ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to choose. （ D） life stories make i
37、t easy to distinguish between the important and unimportant features of a culture. （ E） the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator. 12 Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing o
38、f life stories? （ A） Basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theory. （ B） Eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informant. （ C） Translating the informant s words into the researchers language. （ D） Reducing the number of questions and carefully spec
39、ifying the content of the questions that the investigator can ask the informant. （ E） Reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator s personal opinion about its intrinsic value. 13 The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to （ A） question an expl
40、anation. （ B） correct a misconception. （ C） critique a methodology. （ D） discredit an idea. （ E） clarify an ambiguity. 14 It can be inferred from the passage that a characteristic of the ethnological research on Native Americans conducted during the nineteenth century was the use of which of the fol
41、lowing? （ A） Investigators familiar with the culture under study. （ B） A language other than the informants for recording life stories. （ C） Life stories as the ethnologists primary source of information. （ D） Complete transcriptions of informants descriptions of tribal beliefs. （ E） Stringent guide
42、lines for the preservation of cultural data. 15 The passage mentions which of the following as a factor that can affect the accuracy of ethnologists transcriptions of life stories? （ A） The informants social standing within the culture. （ B） The inclusiveness of the theory that provided the basis fo
43、r the research. （ C） The length of time the researchers spent in the culture under study. （ D） The number of life stories collected by the researchers. （ E） The verifiability of the information provided by the research informants. 16 It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most
44、likely to agree with which of the following statements about the usefulness of life stories as a source of ethnographic information? （ A） They can be a source of information about how people in a culture view the world. （ B） They are most useful as a source of linguistic information. （ C） They requi
45、re editing and interpretation before they can be useful. （ D） They are most useful as a source of information about ancestry. （ E） They provide incidental information rather than significant insights into a way of life. 16 All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the same complement of
46、genes. How then can these cells differentiate and form structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accomplished by a complex sys- tern of chemical m
47、essengers that in plants include hormones and other regulatory molecules. Five major hormones have been identified: auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberel- lin. Studies of plants have now identified a new class of regulatory molecules called oligosaccharide. Unlike the oligosacchari
48、de, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific, that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants. The five has so many simultaneous effects that they are not very useful in artificially controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance, s
49、timulates the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the growth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular system, to form lateral roots, and to produce ethylene. The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous to that of certain hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many different hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cor
