1、GMAT（ VERBAL）阅读练习试卷 8及答案与解析 1 It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellu- lar organisms, are eukaryotictheir large, complex cells (5) have a well-formed nucles and many organel
2、les. On the other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ulti- (10) mately carried to the molecular level. Here prokaryotic
3、 and eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular processes are the same, the details in (15) the two forms are different and characteristic of the respec- tive
4、 forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of vari- ous enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group made it seem certain to most biologists (20) that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover, argu- ments po
5、inting out the extent of both structural and func- tional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common (25)ancestor before the bacteria arose. Although much of this picture has been sustained by mo
6、re recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and (30)from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for deter- min
7、ing the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged (35) from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ances- tral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that
8、although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebac- teria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true (40) bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria. 1 The passage is primar
9、ily concerned with_ （ A） detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of living organisms with a dichotomous one （ B） outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms （ C） ev
10、aluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had been expected. （ D） summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes （ E） formulating a hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolution that res
11、ulted in the ancestors of the prokaryotes 2 According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular level supported the conclusion that_ （ A） most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular （ B） complex cells have well-formed nuclei （ C） prokaryotes and cukaryotes for
12、m two fundamental categories （ D） subcellular structures are visible with a microscope （ E） prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar enzymes 3 According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category hypothesis is likely to be true? （ A） It is promising because it expl
13、ains the presence of true bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in eukaryotic cells. （ B） It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form multicellular organisms. （ C） It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryoti
14、c organisms. （ D） It is flawed because it fails to account for the similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. （ E） It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important distinction among prokaryotes. 4 It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared
15、in order to clarify the fundamental classifications of living things? （ A） The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes （ B） The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes （ C） The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organism
16、s （ D） The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA （ E） The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in archaebecterial species 5 If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological cl
17、assifications other than bacteria, which of the following is most likely? （ A） Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated. （ B） Many species of bacteria will be reclassified （ C） It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three. （ D） It will
18、 be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes. （ E） It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true bacteria. 6 According to the passage, researchers working under the two-category hypothesis were correct in thinking that_ （ A） prokaryotes f
19、orm a coherent group （ B） the common ancestor of all living things had complex properties （ C） eukaryotes are fundamentally different from true bacteria （ D） true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes （ E） ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes functioned differently from their modern counterpa
20、rts. 7 All of the following statements are supported by the passage EXCEPT_ （ A） True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary group. （ B） Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble true bacteria. （ C） True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar types of genetic coding. （ D） True bacteria and eukaryo
21、tes are distinguishable at the subcellular level. （ E） Amino acid sequences of enzymes are uniform for eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. 8 The authors attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is best described as one of_ （ A） tentative acceptance （ B） mild sk
22、epticism （ C） limited denial （ D） studious oriticism （ E） whole hearted endorsement 9 Excess inventory, a massive problem for many busi- nesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable. Overstocks may accumulate through production overruns or errors. Certain styles and colors prove unpopul
23、ar. With (5) some productscomputers and software, toys, and bookslast years models are difficult to move even at huge discounts. Occasionally the competition introduces a better product. But in many cases the publics buying tastes simply change, leaving a manufacturer or distributor with (10 ) thous
24、ands (or millions) of items that the fickle public no longer wants. One common way to dispose of this merchandise is to sell it to a liquidator, who buys as cheaply as possible and then resells the merchandise through catalogs, discount (15) stores, and other outlets. However, liquidators may pay le
25、ss for the merchandise than it cost to make it. Another way to dispose of excess inventory is to dump it. The corporation takes a straight cost write-off on its taxes and hauls the merchandise to a landfill. Although it is hard to believe, (20) there is a sort of convoluted logic to this approach. I
26、t is perfectly legal, requires little time or preparation on the companys part, and solves the problem quickly. The draw- back is the remote possibility of getting caught by the news media. Dumping perfectly useful products can turn into a (25) public relations nightmare. Children living in poverty
27、are freezing and XYZ Company has just sent 500 new snow- suits to the local dump. Parents of young children are barely getting by and QPS Company dumps 1,000 cases of disposable diapers because they have slight imperfections. (30) The managers of these companies are not deliberately wasteful; they a
28、re simply unaware of all their alternatives. In 1976 the Internal Revenue Service provided a tangible incentive for businesses to contribute their products to char- ity. The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the (35)cost of the product donated plus half the difference between cost and fair
29、market selling price, with the proviso that deductions cannot exceed twice cost. Thus, the federal government sanctionsindeed, encouragesan above-cost federal tax deduction for companies that donate inventory to charity. 9 The author mentions each of the following as a cause of excess inventory EXCE
30、PT_ （ A） production of too much merchandise （ B） inaccurate forecasting of buyers preferences （ C） unrealistic pricing policies （ D） products rapid obsolescence （ E） availability of a better product 10 The passage suggests that which of the following is a kind of product that a liquidator who sells
31、to discount stores would be unlikely to wish to acquire? （ A） Furniture （ B） Computers （ C） Kitchen equipment （ D） Baby-care products （ E） Childrens clothing 11 The passage provides information that supports which of the following statements? （ A） Excess inventory results most often from insufficien
32、t market analysis by the manufacturer. （ B） Products with slight manufacturing defects may contribute to excess inventory. （ C） Few manufacturers have taken advantage of the changes in the federal tax laws. （ D） Manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are often caught and exposed by the news m
33、edia. （ E） Most products available in discount stores have come from manufacturers excess-inventory stock. 12 The author cites the examples in lines 25-29 most probably in order to illustrate_ （ A） the fiscal irresponsibility of dumping as a policy for dealing with excess inventory （ B） the waste-ma
34、nagement problems that dumping new products creates （ C） the advantages to the manufacturer of dumping as a policy （ D） alternatives to dumping explored by different companies （ E） how the news media could portray dumping to the detriment of the manufacturers reputation 13 By asserting that manufact
35、urers “are simply unaware” (line 31), the author suggests which of the following? （ A） Manufacturers might donate excess inventory to charity rather than dump it if they knew about the provision in the federal tax code. （ B） The federal government has failed to provide sufficient encouragement to ma
36、nufacturers to make use of advantageous tax policies. （ C） Manufacturers who choose to dump excess inventory are not aware of the possible effects on their reputation of media coverage of such dumping. （ D） The manufacturers of products disposed of by dumping are unaware of the needs of those people
37、 who would find the products useful. （ E） The manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are not familiar with the employment of liquidators to dispose of overstock. 14 The information in the passage suggests that which of the following, if true, would make donating excess inventory to charity le
38、ss attractive to manufacturers than dumping? （ A） The costs of getting the inventory to the charitable destination are greater than the above-cost tax deduction. （ B） The news media give manufacturers charitable contributions the same amount of coverage that they give umping. （ C） No straight-cost t
39、ax benefit can be claimed for items that are dumped. （ D） The fair-market value of an item in excess inventory is 1.5 times its cost. （ E） Items end up as excess inventory because of a change in the publics preferences. 15 Information in the passage suggests that one reason manufacturers might take
40、advantage of the tax provision mentioned in the last paragraph is that_ （ A） there are many kinds of products that cannot be legally dumped in a landfill （ B） liquidators often refuse to handle products with slight imperfections （ C） the law allows a deduction in excess of the cost of manufacturing
41、the product （ D） media coverage of contributions of excess-inventory products to charity is widespread and favorable （ E） no tax deduction is available for products dumped or sold to a liquidator 16 Historians of womens labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female serv
42、ice workers -women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk. domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians (5) focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “womens work” in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of
43、 industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipatory in effect. Unfortunately, emanci- (10) pation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segre- gation in the workplace. To explain this unfinished revolution in the status
44、of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the ( 15) way a prevailing definition of femininity often etermines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying womens employmen
45、t in wage labor, made much of the assumption (20) that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereo- types associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been t
46、he purview of women. Because (25)women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs.And employers, who assumed that womens “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life. declined to pay women wages commensurate wit
47、h those of (30) men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.” More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female.” employers (35) showed surp
48、risingly little interest in changing that percep- -tion, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even the most important (40) war industries. Moreover,
49、once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master. 16 According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was_ （ A） greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War （ B） perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of womens employment in wage labor （ C） one means by which women achieved greater job security （ D） reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages were obvious （ E） a const
