1、GRE（ VERBAL）模拟试卷 47及答案与解析 SECTION 1 Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a wh
2、ole. 1 Although plant and animal species that become established in ecosystems where they did not originate are sometimes referred to by the alarming term “invasive species,“ many such species are_in their new environments. 2 Far from being_the corporate world because of cutbacks, serious researcher
3、s are playing a growing role in innovation at many firms. 3 The brief survey, published under the title The Work of Nature: How the Diversity of Life Sustains Us, is surprisingly(i)_. Indeed it makes several longer treatments of the effects of lost biodiversity seem(ii)_.4 The government has no choi
4、ce but to(i)_the incessant demands for land reform, and yet any governmental action that initiated land reform without requisite attention to agrarian reform would(ii)_the overall goal of economic modernization. 5 Certain music lovers yearn for(i)_, but when it is achieved, there is something missin
5、g; perhaps they feel uncomfortable in a world where nothing discernible is(ii)_. 6 Putting a cash value on the ecological services provided by nature such as the water filtration “service“ provided by a forested watershed has, historically, been a (i)_process. Early attempts at such valuation result
6、ed in impressive but (ii) _figures that were seized on by environmental advocates, and then, when these figures were later (iii) _, they were used by opponents to tar the whole idea.7 Only with the discovery of an ozone hole over Antarctica in 1985 did chemical companies finally relinquish their opp
7、osition to a ban on chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs), which destroy ozone. The discovery suggested that strong political action to halt production of CFCs might be(i)_, and fortunately, the chemical industry no longer felt compelled to oppose such action: although companies had recently(ii)_their research
8、into CFC substitutes, studies they had initiated years earlier had produced(iii)_results.8 The incipient(i)_regarding taxes could affect trade between the two countries much more than the(ii)_banana imports, which has been going on for years. Unfortunately, the trade regulators seem to be ignoring b
9、oth disagreements.9 In American Indian art, the supposed distinction between modern and traditional was fabricated by critics, and when artists have control over interpretation of their own work, the distinction appears, happily, to have been_. （ A） eliminated （ B） reinforced （ C） put to rest （ D） i
10、ntensified （ E） recognized 10 Notwithstanding their_regarding other issues, township residents have consistently passed the board of educations annual budget. （ A） accord （ B） indecision （ C） consensus （ D） disagreement （ E） divergence 11 Some of the companys supporters charged that the negative rep
11、ort had been motivated by a broader political assault on the company that was designed to help market rivals who would like to see the company_. （ A） reined in （ B） bolstered （ C） indemnified （ D） propped up （ E） manacled 12 Skeptics contend that any scheme for charging visitors to Web sites that re
12、wards the vendor adequately would require steep prices,_the kind of frequent, casual use of Web sites that surfers now take for granted. （ A） bridling （ B） exciting （ C） forbidding （ D） inhibiting （ E） provoking 13 It seems obvious that Miles Davis_the Juilliard School, which resulted in his decisio
13、n to drop out, was based on the schools training of musicians for a kind of music that he did not want to play. （ A） disaffection with （ B） dislocation of （ C） disentanglement from （ D） subversion of （ E） displacement of SECTION 3 Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based
14、 on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. 13 Whether the languages of the ancient American peoples were used for expressing abstract universal concepts can be c
15、learly answered in the case of Nahuatl. Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive com- line pounds. By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words 5 can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal charact
16、er. The tlamatinime(those who know)were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms, the most char
17、acteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition 10 of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea. Used metaphorically, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a m
18、ode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression. For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 14 Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding present-day research relating to Nahuatl? （ A） Some record or evidence of the th
19、ought of the tlamatinime is available. （ B） For at least some Nahuatl expressions, researchers are able to trace their derivation from another ancient American language. （ C） Researchers believe that in Nahuatl, abstract universal concepts are always expressed metaphorically. 15 Select the sentence
20、in the passage in which the author introduces a specific Nahuatl mode of expression that is not identified as being shared with certain European languages. 16 In the context in which it appears, “coinages“(line 9)most nearly means （ A） adaptations （ B） creations （ C） idiosyncrasies （ D） pronunciatio
21、ns （ E） currencies 17 At a certain period in Earths history, its atmosphere contained almost no oxygen, although plants were producing vast quantities of oxygen. As a way of reconciling these two facts, scientists have hypothesized that nearly all of the oxygen being produced was taken up by iron on
22、 Earth s surface. Clearly, however, this explanation is inadequate. New studies show that the amount of iron on Earths surface was not sufficient to absorb anywhere near as much oxygen as was being produced. Therefore, something in addition to the iron on Earths surface must have absorbed much of th
23、e oxygen produced by plant life. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? （ A） The first is a claim made by the argument in support of a certain position; the second is that position. （ B） The first is a judgment made by the argument about a certain expl
24、anation; the second is that explanation. （ C） The first expresses the arguments dismissal of an objection to the position it seeks to establish; the second is that position. （ D） The first sums up the arguments position with regard to a certain hypothesis; the second provides grounds for that positi
25、on. （ E） The first is a concession by the argument that its initial formulation of the position it seeks to establish requires modification; the second presents that position in a modified form. 17 Animal signals, such as the complex songs of birds, tend to be costly. A bird, by singing, may forfeit
26、 time that could otherwise be spent on other important behaviors such as foraging or resting. Singing may also advertise an individuals location to rivals or pred- line ators and impair the ability to detect their approach. Although these types of cost may 5 be important, discussions of the cost of
27、singing have generally focused on energy costs. Overall the evidence is equivocal: for instance, while Eberhardt found increases in energy consumption during singing for Carolina wrens, Chappell found no effect of crowing on energy consumption in roosters. To obtain empirical data regarding the ener
28、gy costs of singing, Thomas examined 10 the relationship between song rate and overnight changes in body mass of male nightingales. Birds store energy as subcutaneous fat deposits or “body reserves“; changes in these reserves can be reliably estimated by measuring changes in body mass. If singing ha
29、s important energy costs, nightingales should lose more body mass on nights when their song rate is high. Thomas found that nightingales reached a sig- 15 nificantly higher body mass at dusk and lost more mass overnight on nights when their song rate was high. These results suggest that there may be
30、 several costs of singing at night associated with body reserves. The increased metabolic cost of possessing higher body mass contributes to the increased overnight mass loss. The strategic regulation of evening body 20 reserves is also likely to incur additional costs, as nightingales must spend mo
31、re time foraging in order to build up larger body reserves. The metabolic cost of singing itself may also contribute to increased loss of reserves. This metabolic cost may arise from the muscular and neural activity involved in singing or from behaviors associated with singing. For example, birds ma
32、y expend more of their reserves on thermoregulation if 25 they spend the night exposed to the wind on a song post than if they are in a sheltered roost site. Thomass data therefore show that whether or not singing per se has an important metabolic cost, metabolic costs associated with singing can ha
33、ve an important measurable effect on a birds daily energy budget, at least in birds with high song rates such as nightingales. 18 The primary purpose of the passage is to （ A） compare the different types of cost involved for certain birds in singing （ B） question a hypothesis regarding the energy co
34、sts of singing for certain birds （ C） present evidence suggesting that singing has an important energy cost for certain birds （ D） discuss the benefits provided to an organism by a behavior that is costly in energy （ E） describe an experiment that supports an alternative model of how birdsong functi
35、ons 19 The passage implies that during the day before a night on which a male nightingales song rate is high, that nightingale probably does which of the following? （ A） Expends less of its reserves on thermoregulation than on other days （ B） Stores more energy as body reserves than on other days （
36、C） Hides to avoid predators 20 Select the sentence in the first or second paragraph that presents empirical results in support of a hypothesis about the energy costs of singing. 21 It can be inferred from the passage that compared with other costs of singing, which of the following is true of the en
37、ergy costs of singing? （ A） They are the single greatest cost to an individual bird. （ B） They have generally received more attention from scientists. （ C） They vary less from one bird species to another. 22 In the past ten years, there have been several improvements in mountain-climbing equipment.
38、These improvements have made the sport both safer and more enjoyable for experienced climbers. Despite these improvements, however, the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has doubled in the past ten years. Which of the following, if true, best reconciles the apparent discrepancy presented in the pas
39、sage? （ A） Many climbers, lulled into a false sense of security, use the new equipment to attempt climbing feats of which they are not capable. （ B） Some mountain-climbing injuries are caused by unforeseeable weather conditions. （ C） Mountain climbing, although a dangerous sport, does not normally r
40、esult in injury to the experienced climber. （ D） In the past ten years there have been improvements in mountain-climbing techniques as well as in mountain-climbing equipment. （ E） Although the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has increased, the rate of mountain-climbing deaths has not changed. 22
41、The condition of scholarship devoted to the history of women in photography is confounding. Recent years have witnessed the posthumous inflation of the role of the hohhyist Alice Austen into that of a pioneering documentarian while dozens of notable line senior figures Marion Palfi, whose photograph
42、s of civil-rights activities in the South 5 served as early evidence of the need for protective legislation, to name one received scant attention from scholars. And, while Naomi Rosenblums synoptic History of Women Photographers covers the subject through 1920 in a generally useful fashion, once she
43、 reaches the 1920s, when the venues, forms, applications, and movements of the medium expanded exponentially, she resorts to an increasingly terse listing of un- 10 familiar names, with approaches and careers summarized in a sentence or two. 23 The author of the passage cites Rosenblums book most li
44、kely in order to （ A） suggest that the works documented most thoroughly by historians of women in photography often do not warrant that attention （ B） offer an explanation for the observation that not all aspects of the history of women in photography have received the same level of attention （ C） p
45、rovide an example of a way in which scholarship on the history of women in photography has been unsatisfactory （ D） suggest that employing a strictly chronological approach when studying the history of women in photography may be unproductive （ E） provide support for the notion that certain personal
46、ities in womens photography have attained undue prominence 24 Which of the following statements about Marion Palfi is supported by the passage? （ A） Marion Palfis photographs would have received greater recognition from historians had her work been done in an era when most aspects of photography wer
47、e static rather than in a state of transition. （ B） Alice Austen has achieved greater notoriety than has Marion Palfi primarily because the subjects that Austen photographed were more familiar to her contemporaries. （ C） In addition to providing a record of certain historical events, Marion Palfis p
48、hotographs played a role in subsequent events. 25 In the context in which it appears, “inflation“(line 2)most nearly means （ A） exaggeration （ B） acquisition （ C） evaluation （ D） distortion （ E） attenuation SECTION 1 Directions: Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that s
49、omething has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. 26 Only by ignoring decades of mismanagement and inefficiency could investors conclude that a fresh infusion of cash would provide anything other than a _solution to the companys financial woes. （ A） complete （ B） fleeting （ C） momentary （ D） premature （ E） trivial 27 Some scienti
