1、GRE（ VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷 2及答案与解析 SECTION 3 Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. 0 In the ear
2、th 20th century, some small magazines and the innovative graphics used on them created the face of avant-garde. Avant-garde has a look that signals progressive ideas and unconventionality, because it dispensed the cardinal rule of graphic design: to take an idea and make it visually clear, concise,
3、and instantly understood. Rather, the graphics these avant-garde artists made exclusively for avant-garde (as opposed to those graphics they made for advertisements), are usually difficult to decipher, ambiguous, and nonsensical. This overturn of convention, this assailing to the standard graphic an
4、d typographic formats, is a part of search for intellectual freedom. The impulse towards liberation enables the avant-gardes to see with fresh eyes the untried possibilities of arranging words and images on the papers. 1 According to the passage, the primary purpose of conventional graphic design is
5、 to （ A） render unpopular ideas palatable to a wider audience （ B） capture readers attention with bold fonts （ C） communicate nonsensical notions to a wide public （ D） communicate ideas as efficiently and unambiguously as possible （ E） introduce previously unknown ideas to the general public 2 Accor
6、ding to the passage, avant-garde artists of the early twentieth-century created ambiguous or nonsensical graphics as part of an attempt to （ A） expand the potential for expression through visual art （ B） compete with advertisements for readers attention （ C） encourage the expansion of small magazine
7、s 2 A birds plumage, while contributing to structural integrity and participating in aerial locomotion, completely obscures a birds internal activity from human view, greatly impeding our attempts to understand birds as functioning animals. Plumage has even made it difficult to describe bird movemen
8、t. When describing the movement of mammals, writers turn to well-worn clichs like “grace in motion.” A mammals rippling muscles slide smoothly over one another in eye-catching ways. With a mammal, whether a mouse or hippopotamus, we recognize that the underlying body parts are similar to our own and
9、 we know these parts will act predictably. Not so with a bird. For centuries, we knew little more about a birds movement than that it was a mystery that seemed to be based on the flapping of wings. 3 The passage mentions which of the following as an effect of bird plumage? （ A） It contributes to a b
10、irds ability to fly. （ B） It hides the inner workings of birds. （ C） It contributes to the structural soundness of birds. 4 The author implies which of the following about the “underlying body parts” of nonhuman mammals? （ A） They are more similar to humans underlying body parts than most people ass
11、ume. （ B） They are more predictable in their workings than are the underlying body parts of humans. （ C） Their smooth and grateful actions belie how complicated they actually are. （ D） They work in much different ways than do the underlying body parts of most birds. （ E） They are easier to observe a
12、nd understand than are underlying parts of birds. 4 An influential early view held that ecosystems contain niches for a limited number of species and that competition for resources among specieswhether native or nonnative invading onesdetermines ecosystems species composition. However, factors other
13、 than competition often help explain invading species success. For example, the American grey squirrel, often cited as a classic example of competitively superior invading species, was introduced in England in 1876 and now thrives, while the native red squirrel population has declined. Although scie
14、ntists have found gray squirrels to be more efficient foragers than red ones, they also note that even before the gray squirrels arrival, Britains red squirrel populations had a periodic tendency to die out, only to be subsequently reintroduced. Furthermore, many gray squirrels are silent carriers o
15、f a disease fatal to red squirrels. 5 It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the “early view?” （ A） It reflects a mistaken assumption about the means by which nonnative species are introduced into ecosystems. （ B）
16、Its basic premise is shown to be valid by the effect of American gray squirrels on Britains red squirrel population. （ C） It presents a simplistic picture of the means by which species composition within ecosystems is determined. （ D） It can effectively explain the formation of ecosystems that conta
17、in few species but cannot adequately account for the formation of complex ecosystems. （ E） It understates the importance of competition as a factor determining species composition within ecosystems. 6 It can be inferred that the author of the passage mentions the efficiency with which gray squirrels
18、 forage primarily in order to （ A） identify a factor that explains a certain phenomenon （ B） call attention to an inconsistency in a particular theory （ C） suggest that competition cannot be the factor responsible for a particular outcome （ D） acknowledge a fact that appears to support a view that t
19、he author intends to qualify （ E） cite evidence that is not consistent with an early influential view about species competition 6 Animals live longer when their calorie intake is restricted to two-thirds of what is considered normal for their species. Animals so restricted are also generally healthi
20、er: most disease, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative illness, are forestalled. Q2This phenomenon was long attributed to a simple slowing of metabolism (cells production of energy from fuel molecules) and consequent reproduction of its toxic by-products in response to less food. In fac
21、t, however, calorie restriction does not slow mammalian metabolism, and Q1in yeast and worms, metabolism is both sped up and altered. Some scientists now theorize that calorie restriction is a biological stressor that, like natural food scarcity, induces a more complex defensive response, which in m
22、ammals includes changes in cellular defenses and repair. 7 In the passage, the function of the highlighted portion is to （ A） Provide specific examples of organisms whose longevity does not increase in response to calorie restriction. （ B） Illustrate the probable means by which organisms placed on a
23、 calorie-restriction diet compensate for the reduction in available food-based level. （ C） Suggest the mechanism that is responsible for prolonging the life of organism whose calorie intake is significantly reduced. （ D） Give an example that explain why scientists thinking about the physiological ef
24、fects of calorie restriction changed. （ E） Distinguish the different ways that mammalian and non-mammalian metabolisms respond to significant reductions in calorie intake 8 The passage implies which of the following about the explanation mentioned in the highlighted text? （ A） There are empirical fi
25、ndings that conflict with a presumption of the explanation. （ B） The explanation predicts that the effect of calorie restriction on longevity will be the greatest for the species with the highest rate of metabolism. （ C） The explanation predicts that the effects of calorie restriction will be unifor
26、mly positive. 8 Human impacts on the natural environment during the later part of the Holocene (beginning about 4,000 years ago) complicate investigations into environmental change during the period because the signals produced by human- and climate-induced change are sometimes difficult to separate
27、. For example, in the later Holocene, one indicator of increased aridity due to climate change is an increase in pollen from grasses, as forest gives way to grassland. Such a change in vegetation could alternatively be attributed to human impact in the form of agricultural development. Examples of s
28、uch human impact from 4,000 years ago would be small-scale, however, since the broad ecosystem changes brought about by the widespread adoption of agricultural technologies occurred later. 9 Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage
29、as a whole? （ A） It provides an example of the kind of problems that often complicate investigations into environmental change. （ B） It calls into question the reliability of the established dates for later Holocene agricultural development. （ C） It describes the nature of localized agricultural dev
30、elopments during the later Holocene. （ D） It outlines a hypothesis that draws on evidence discussed earlier in the passage. （ E） It limits the scope of a particular complication mentioned earlier in the passage. 10 According to the passage, which of the following is true regarding environmental chan
31、ges 4,000 years ago? （ A） No localized increases in grass pollen were caused by agricultural development. （ B） Increases in grass pollen were at least sometimes a reflection of an increase in aridity. （ C） Wholesale ecosystem changes probably resulted from agricultural development. （ D） Any small-sc
32、ale changes occurring then would not be detectable now. （ E） Environmental change helped induce the adoption of agricultural technologies. GRE（ VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷 2答案与解析 SECTION 3 Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the bes
33、t answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 1 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 细节题。定位线索为 the primary purpose of conventional graphic design，对应原文的 the cardinal rule of graphic design，冒号后面内容对此给出了解释，冒号后面的 instantly understood
34、对应选项中的 efficiently， clear对应选项中的 unambiguously，所以答案选 D。 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 2 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节题。考查先 锋派艺术家背后的企图动机，定位到文章的最后两句， the untried possibilities of arranging words and images on the papers对应选项中的 expand the potential for expression，答案选 A。 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 3 【正确答案】 A， B， C 【试题解析】 A It contrib
35、utes to a birds ability to fly贡献于鸟类飞行的能力。 解析：定位第一句， ability to fly对应 aerial locomotion，正确。 B It hides the inner workings of birds掩盖鸟类的内部运作。 解析：定位第一句， hide与 obscure相对应， inner workings跟 internal activity对应，正确。 C It contributes to the structural soundness of birds贡献于鸟类结构的完整性。 解析：定位第一句， structural sound
36、ness与 structural integrity对应，正确。 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 4 【正确答案】 E 【试题解析】 根据 underlying body parts定位第五句话，非人类的身体部位与人类相似并且可预测。 E选项与第五句同义替换。正确。 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 5 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 早期观点指的是竞争决定构成的观点。 simplistic picture指早期观点只看到了竞争的影响，而作者认为还有其他观点影响物种构成。 所以相对于作者，早期观点是一个简单的描述。 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 6 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 根据
37、 efficient定位到第四句。该句说灰松鼠因为其捕食能力强而导致红松鼠数量减少，强调了灰松鼠的竞争性。 fact指的是竞争，作者确实承认有竞争的因素。 a view指的是早期观点，这个早期观点是作者要限制的。故选 D。 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 7 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题定位在第四句。本句话的功能是用来反驳之前的老观点，而高亮 部分的酵母菌和蠕虫相当于起到反驳作用的例子。因此 D正确。 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 8 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 A There are empirical findings that conflict with a
38、presumption of the explanation有一些实验上的发现与这一解释的前提假设相矛盾。 解析：高亮部分提到的解释指的是新陈代谢降低导致动物更健康。其前提假设是卡路里摄入量的减少会降低新陈代谢。而第四句中的哺乳动物、酵母和蠕虫卡路里摄入量减少后，新陈代 谢并没有降低，因此与之前观点的前提假设构成矛盾。 A正确。 B The explanation predicts that the effect of calorie restriction on longevity will be the greatest for the species with the highest r
39、ate of metabolism这种解释预测到对于新陈代谢率最高的物种来说，卡路里限制对于寿命的影响是最大的。 解析：本文只提到卡路里限制导致新陈代谢的降低进而提升动物寿命，但是并没有指出新陈代谢降低的程度和寿命提升程度之间的比例关系，因此该选项未必正确，不选。 C The explanation predicts that the effects of calorie restriction will be uniformly positive这种解释预测到卡路里限制所产生的影响是完全积极的。 解析： “完全积极 ”这种说法太极端，文中看不出来。不选。 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 【知识模块
40、】 阅读短文章 9 【正确答案】 E 【试题解析】 a particular complication mentioned earlier in the passage指的是第一句的观点：人类活动使得人们去研究 Holocene时期的环境变化变得很复杂。本题定位在第四句，反驳第一句，认为人类活动在 Holocene时期规模很小，也就意味着这种研究的复杂程度并不大。 E正确。 【知识模块】 阅读短文章 10 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 A No localized increases in grass pollen were caused by agricultural developmen
41、t没有任何的草花粉的增加是由农业发展导致的。 解析：该选项太极端。文章最后一句只是说 4000年前人类的农业活动规模小，而不是根本没有农业活动。 B Increases in grass pollen were at least sometimes a reflection of an increase in aridity草花粉的增加至少在某些时候可以反映出干旱的增加。 解析：本选项对应第二句，正确。 C Wholesale ecosystem changes probably resulted from agricultural development大规模的生态系统变化有可能来自于农业发展。 解析： 4000年前农业发展规模很小，不可能导致大规模生态变化。不选。 D Any small-scale changes occurring then would not be detectable now任何那时候的小规模变化现在都无法发现。 解析：文章没提到。不选。 E Environmental change helped induce the adoption of agriculanal technologies环境变化帮助引发了农业技术的采用。 解析：文章没提到。不选。 【知识模块】 阅读短文章
