1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 162及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Dangers of Using Computer Terminals Undoubtedly, the computer has greatly increased human beings working
3、capacity and intellectual capacity, but it also poses dangers to its users. The problems caused by the use of computers: a. more frequent incidence of abnormity during【 1】 _ 【 1】 _ b. increased stress and【 2】 _to vision: worsening short sight 【 2】_ and an itching of the face. To solve this problem,
4、one should take a rest from time to time and place computers at a location where there is【 3】 _ 【 3】_ light and something else to look at. c. constipation resulting from long periods of sedentary【 4】 _ 【 4】_ d.【 5】 _due to crouching over an inconveniently positioned 【 5】_ keyboard. e. a sense of【 6】
5、 _owing to having puzzled over a problem too 【 6】_ long. Precautions computer users are advised to take: Firstly, to make sure that there is an alternative source of light from that of the【 7】 _itself. 【 7】 _ Secondly, to rest their eyes frequently. In addition, to make sure the screen is properly【
6、8】 _ 【 8】 _ Finally, to make sure that you are sitting in a comfortable position, to get up【 9】 _and go out into the fresh air occasionally. Sitting still for 【 9】_ hours is likely to cause thrombosis and【 10】 _ 【 10】 _ 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION
7、B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to t
8、he interview. 11 According to Kelvin, which of the following is TRUE? （ A） Customers go to the bar to buy their drinks. （ B） Customers have to queue for drinks at the bar. （ C） Customers have to wait for someone to take their orders. （ D） A waitress normally comes to the tables to take orders or mon
9、ey. 12 Which of the following is TRUE of the service at a bar? （ A） A customer has to tip the waitress. （ B） A customer has to pay each time he gets drinks. （ C） A customer has to pay for all the drinks when he is leaving. （ D） A customer has t9 sit at the table to wait for their turn to be served.
10、13 The following are served in pubs EXCEPT_. （ A） alcoholics （ B） spirits （ C） fruit juices （ D） milk 14 According to Kelvin, cordials refer to_. （ A） carbonated water （ B） soft drinks （ C） strong and sweet drinks （ D） mineral water 15 Which of the following is NOT TRUE of VAT? （ A） VAT is the acron
11、ym of Value Added Tax. （ B） VAT is a tax charged on most goods in Britain. （ C） VAT is not charged on different services in Britain. （ D） A foreigner can get VAT back when he leaves Britain under the Retail Export Scheme. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything
12、ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 The following are the decisions made by European Union on Wednesday EXCEPT that_. （ A） Microsoft should put an end to its business in Europe （
13、 B） Microsoft should pay about six hundred million dollars （ C） Microsoft should give information about its Windows system （ D） Microsoft should make another version of Windows without using its own software 17 What percentage does Microsoft account for in the software for personal computers in the
14、world? （ A） 19%. （ B） 90%. （ C） 40%. （ D） 70%. 18 Whats Microsofts reaction to the decision made by E. U. ? （ A） Microsoft did not take it seriously. （ B） Microsoft was opposed to the decision. （ C） Microsoft decided to do as E. U. required. （ D） Microsoft accepted the decision but did not take any
15、measures. 19 The Group of Seven finance ministers regularly meet to _. （ A） discuss how to promote international economic growth （ B） set policy direction for International Monetary Fund （ C） talk about how to meet the challenges posed by globalization （ D） discuss how to control production 20 Canad
16、as finance minister was concerned about _. （ A） the impact of globalization （ B） the impact of U. S. budget deficit （ C） the rise of unemployment rate in China （ D） the debt relief of the poor countries 20 Under existing law, a new drug may be labeled, promoted, and advertised only for those conditi
17、ons in which safety and effectiveness have been demonstrated and of which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved, or so-called “approved uses.“ Other uses have come to be called “unapproved uses“ and cannot be legally promoted. In a real sense, the term “unapproved is a misnomer because
18、 it includes in one phrase two categories of marketed drugs that are very different; drugs which are potentially harmful and will never be approved, and already approved drugs that have “unapproved“ uses. It is common for new research and new insights to demonstrate valid new uses for drugs already
19、on the market. Also, there are numerous examples of medical progress resulting from the serendipitous observations and therapeutic innovations of physicians, both important methods of discovery in the field of therapeutics. Before such advances can result in new indications for inclusion in drug lab
20、eling, however, the available data must meet the legal standard of substantial evidence derived from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. Such evidence may require time to develop, and, without initiative on the part of the drug firm, it may not occur at all for certain uses. However, becau
21、se medical literature on new uses exists and these uses are medically beneficial, physicians often use these drugs for such purposes prior to FDA review or changes in labeling. This is referred to as “unlabeled uses“ of drugs. A different problem arises when a particular use for a drug has been exam
22、ined scientifically and has been found to be ineffective or unsafe, and yet physicians who either are uninformed or who refuse to accept the available scientific evidence continue to use the drug in this way. Such use may have been reviewed by the FDA and rejected, or, in some cases, the use may act
23、ually be warned against in the labeling. This subset of uses may be properly termed “disapproved uses.“ Government policy should minimize the extent of unlabeled uses. If such uses are valid-and many are- it is important that scientifically sound evidence supporting them be generated and that the re
24、gulatory system accommodate them into drug labeling. Continuing rapid advances in medical care and the complexity of drug usage, however, makes it impossible for the government to keep drug labeling up to date for every conceivable situation. Thus, when a particular use of this type appears, it is a
25、lso important, and in the interest of good medical care, that no stigma be attached to “unapproved usage“ by practitioners while the formal evidence is assembled between the time of discovery and the time the new use is included in the labeling. In the case of “disapproved uses,“ however, it is prop
26、er policy to warn against these in the package insert, whether use of a drug for these purposes by the uninformed or intransigent physician constitutes a violation of the current Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act is a matter of debate that involves a number of technical and legal issues. Regardles
27、s of that, the inclusion of disapproved uses in the form of contraindications, warnings and other precautionary statements in package inserts is an important practical deterrent to improper use. Except for clearly disapproved uses, however, it is in the best interests of patient care that physicians
28、 not be constrained by regulatory statutes from exercising their best judgment in prescribing a drug for both its approved uses and any unlabeled uses it may have. 21 The author is primarily concerned with_. （ A） refuting a theory （ B） drawing a distinction （ C） discrediting an opponent （ D） condemn
29、ing an error 22 According to the passage, an unlabeled use of a drug is any use which_. （ A） has been reviewed by the FDA and specifically rejected （ B） has medical value but has not yet been approved by FDA for inclusion as a labeled use （ C） is authorized by the label as approved by the FDA on the
30、 basis of scientific studies （ D） is made in experiments designed to determine whether a drug is medically beneficial 23 It can be inferred from the passage that the intransigent physician_. （ A） continues to prescribe a drug even though he knows it is not in the best interests of the patient （ B） r
31、efuses to use a drug for an unlabeled purpose out of fear that he may be stigmatized by its use （ C） persists in using a drug for disapproved uses because he rejects the evidence of its ineffectiveness or dangers （ D） experiments with new uses for tested drugs in an attempt to find medically benefic
32、ial uses for the drugs 24 All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for allowing unlabeled uses of drugs EXCEPT_. （ A） the increased cost to the patient of buying an FDA-approved drug （ B） the medical benefits which can accrue to the patient through unlabeled use （ C） the time lag
33、 between initial discovery of a medical use and FDA approval of that use . （ D） the possibility that a medically beneficial use may never be clinically documented 24 The liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries was fundamentally different from that of the
34、classical Greeks. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligations and involvement in the collective community that were emphasized by the Greeks. Freedom was to be realize
35、d by limiting the scope of governmental activity and political obligation and not through immersion in the collective life of the polls. The basic role of the citizen was to select governmental leaders and keep the powers and scope of public authority in check. On the liberal view, the rights of cit
36、izens against the state were the focus of special emphasis. Over time, the liberal democratic notion of citizenship developed in two directions. First, there was a movement to increase the proportion of members of society who were eligible to participate as citizens-especially through extending the
37、right of suffrage-and to ensure the basic political equality of all. Second, there was a broadening of the legitimate activities of government and a use of governmental power to redress imbalances in social and economic life. Political citizenship became an instrument through which groups and classe
38、s with sufficient numbers of votes could use the state power to enhance their social and economic well-being. Within the general liberal view of democratic citizenship, tensions have developed over the degree to which government can and should be used as an instrument for promoting happiness and wel
39、l-being. Political philosopher Martin Diamond has categorized two views of democracy as follows. On the one hand, there is the “libertarian“ perspective that stresses the private pursuit of happiness and emphasizes the “task of the government to uplift and aid the common man against the malefactors
40、of great wealth.“ The tensions between these two views are very evident today. Taxpayer revolts and calls for smaller government and less government regulation clash with demands for greater government involvement in the economic marketplace and the social sphere. 25 The authors primary purpose is t
41、o _. （ A） study ancient concepts of citizenship （ B） contrast different notions of citizenship （ C） criticize modern libertarian democracy （ D） describe the importance of universal suffrage 26 It can be inferred from the passage that the Greek word polis means _. （ A） family life （ B） military servi
42、ce （ C） marriage （ D） political community 27 The author cites Martin Diamond because the author _. （ A） regards Martin Diamond as an authority on political philosophy （ B） wishes to refute Martin Diamonds views on citizenship （ C） needs a definition of the term “citizenship“ （ D） is unfamiliar with
43、the distinction between libertarian and majoritarian concepts of democracy 28 According to the passage, all of the following are characteristics of the liberal idea of government that would distinguish the liberal idea of government EXCEPT_. （ A） the emphasis on the rights of private citizens （ B） t
44、he activities government may legitimately pursue （ C） the obligation of citizens to participate in government （ D） the size of the geographical area controlled by a government 28 The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shock
45、ed to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 18
46、00s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and sec
47、urity and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten. These conditions continued until after World War 1I. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental
48、 illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally iii. Improvements were made, and Dr, David Va
49、ils Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights Movement led lawyers to investigate Americas prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were wor
