1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 225及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Rainmaking Scientific rainmaking was started by Vincent J. Schaefer after the year of【 1】 . A lucky【 2】 b
3、rought him to success. Schaefer was hired, during World War II, by Dr. Irving Langmuir to study how and why【 3】 forms on the wings of airplanes. The two went to New Hampshire because【 4】 were common and cold winds often blew. In New Hampshire, they were surprised to learn that the temperature of the
4、 clouds surrounding them was far below the【 5】 , and yet ice did not form there. After the war Schaefer went on the experiment. One morning a friend asked him to go for lunch. He went and left the【 6】 of the freezer up. When he returned from lunch, he found the temperature of the freezer was【 7】 tha
5、n that required for ice crystals to remain solid. There were two choices now. He could wait for the freezer to lower the air temperature or he could add【 8】 ice. He chose the latter. Then when he did this, he happened to【 9】 a large amount of air. Suddenly he saw【 10】 were formed. He did the experim
6、ent again and succeeded in making a tiny snowstorm in the laboratory. 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to
7、 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 Policewomen （ A） work together with policemen on the graveyard. （ B） do the same thing as policemen. （ C） can have days off but polic
8、emen cannot. （ D） dont have to work double-backs. 12 As the interviewee says “two men“, she （ A） intends to mean two policemen. （ B） means two policemen. （ C） refers to a policeman and a policewoman. （ D） doesnt put stress on genders, just referring to two persons, working as cops. 13 Wearing police
9、 uniform is _important. （ A） sometimes （ B） always （ C） not （ D） very 14 Most drunkers or trouble makers （ A） respect police persons. （ B） have a little more respect for policewoman than policeman. （ C） are likely to smack policewoman because a policewoman is not as strong as they are. （ D） always t
10、ake it out on the policeman in his uniform. 15 The interviewee （ A） is afraid of dealing with drunk men. （ B） saw a drunk lady strike a guy with her bottle and lay his head wide open. （ C） can predict what a drunk woman is going to do. （ D） is not full of confidence when she is dealing with a drunk
11、woman. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 What was the resolution about? （ A） Condemning Israel for
12、 its treatment of Palestinians in the occupied territories. （ B） Criticizing Israel for its racial discrimination against Palestinians. （ C） Condemning Israel for its random shooting at the demonstrators. （ D） Criticizing Israel for not allowing Palestinians to work in the occupied territories. 17 W
13、hat would harm the Americans peace initiative for the Middle East? （ A） Israels suppression of the Palestinians in the occupied territories. （ B） Israeli s serious violations of human rights. （ C） The US veto against the UN Security Council resolution. （ D） The US support for expulsion of Palestinia
14、ns. 18 According to the news report, those released by the Israeli authorities would be youths up to the age of （ A） 15. （ B） 16. （ C） 60. （ D） 17. 19 What accusation was leveled against a former Argentine general? （ A） His involvement in embezzlement in 1970. （ B） His involvement in atrocities duri
15、ng the 1970s. （ C） His involvement in illegal drug traffic during the 1970s. （ D） His involvement in illegal arms deal in 1970. 20 Why was he wanted in Argentine? （ A） To stand trial on illegal drug trafficking charges. （ B） To stand trial on murder charges of 39 people. （ C） To stand trial on murde
16、r charges of 49 people. （ D） To stand trial on atrocity charges during 1970. 20 A large part of effective leadership is dependent on something called “style“. But style is difficult to teach, and what makes one leader great and another mediocre is not easily defined. Leadership always implies power,
17、 and a broad definition in this context is that leadership includes the power to influence thoughts and actions of others in such a way that they achieve higher satisfaction and/or performance. Over the past century, there have been three major approaches to understanding leadership. Identifying lea
18、dership traits, or the physical and psychological characteristics of leaders, was the first formal approach, and had a lot of intuitive appeal. It owed its origins to the turn of the century( about 1904)when trait studies began. At this time most American leaders came from certain wealthy families,
19、the vast majority were white males, and there were some social norms about what leaders looked like ( tall, square jaw, well groomed etc. ). The original assumption that “leaders are born not made“ has been discredited, because there were too many exceptions to the traits to give them any credibilit
20、y. Beginning after World War II, in sharp contrast to the trait approach, the behavioral approach looked at what a leader does, what behaviors leaders use that set them apart from others. This approach assumed that leadership could be learned. Virtually all of the studies focused on classifying beha
21、viors according to whether they fell into a process or “people approach“ (satisfying individual needs) , or a “task approach“ ( getting the job done). The basis for this classification was in the discovery in social psychology that every group needs someone to fill both these roles in the group for
22、it to be effective. The earliest of these studies began in Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s. Many of the early trait and behavioral writers tried to make their ideas applicable to all leadership situations. The earliest situational approach to leadership was dev
23、eloped in 1958. This approach strived to identify characteristics of the situation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. The trend later developed toward the third approach, understanding the unique characteristics of a situation and what kind of leadership style best matche
24、s with these. 21 Which of the following questions does the author answer in the first paragraph? （ A） What is “style“? （ B） Is power the most important aspect of leadership? （ C） How many main historical approaches have there been to leadership7 （ D） Why is leadership so difficult to define? 22 Acco
25、rding to the second paragraph, which of tile following is NOT one of the three major approaches to understanding leadership? （ A） situational （ B） traits （ C） power （ D） behavioral 23 What was the assumption of the behavioral approach? （ A） That leaders are born not made. （ B） That leadership could
26、be learned. （ C） That leadership could be classified into two functions. （ D） That every effective group needs someone to fill each of the two roles. 24 What is the foundation for the classification of behaviors in the behavioral approach? （ A） That an effective group needs both task and process rol
27、es fulfilled. （ B） That getting the job done is a more important task than satisfying individual needs. （ C） That both could be taught. （ D） That both could be applied to all leadership situations. 24 In early 19th century America, care for the mentally iii was almost non-existent: the afflicted wer
28、e usually relegated to prisons, almshouses, or inadequate supervision by families. Treatment, if provided, paralleled other medical treatments of the time, including bloodletting and purgatives. However, in a wave of concern for the oppressed, some took action. Among these, Dorothea Dix was the lead
29、ing crusader for the establishment of state-supported mental asylums. Through her efforts, the first state hospitals for the insane were built in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. She and other reformers sought humane, individualized care, with the rich and the poor housed together to insure high standar
30、ds for all. The movement was generated by social reform, but throughout the century, mental illness was probed and analyzed, and“ cures“ prescribed by both the scientific and lay communities. “Moral treatment“ was the predominating philosophy to cure the insane. This system was developed in late 18t
31、h century Europe, and by Benjamin Rush in the United States. It challenged the demonic explanations for insanity and emphasized the role of environment in determining character: improper external conditions could induce derangement. The “moral treatment“ system was optimistic that an appropriate env
32、ironment could facilitate cure, especially for those with acute ( not chronic) afflictions. Essential to this theory was a physiological basis for mental disorder: insanity was caused by brain damage. The brains surface was soft and malleable and physically altered by outward influence. This idea wa
33、s closely related to phrenology, which assigned specific faculties to sections of the brain. The notion that mental illness resulted from physical impairment was rarely challenged, but the nature and treatment of ailments were continually debated. To find physical evidence for mental deficiencies, a
34、utopsies were performed on mental patients to discover lesions or other abnormalities. Although progress was made in the diagnosis of somatic diseases like tumors or syphilitic derangement, these efforts were frustrating and subjective. Also controversial was the fate of the chronically versus acute
35、ly iii: the differences between them, whether they should be housed together, and whether the chronically ill should be treated at all. 25 According to paragraph 1, the movement to establish state-supported mental asylums was motivated by concern for_. （ A） inadequate care by families （ B） social re
36、form （ C） the effects of medical treatment （ D） those who were not mentally iii 26 It can be inferred from the passage that the methods used in “moral treatment“ were_. （ A） controversial （ B） accepted （ C） proven （ D） dangerous 27 According to the passage, phrenology was_. （ A） never very popular （
37、 B） a theory about determining a persons character （ C） a cause of mental illness （ D） a theory about a persons brain 27 London is steeped in Dickensian history. Every place he visited, every person he met, would be drawn into his imagination and reappear in a novel. There really are such places as
38、Hanging Sword Alley in Whitefriars Street, ECl (Where Jerry Cruncher lived in A Tale of Two Cities) and Bleeding Heart Yard off Greville Street, ECl (Where the Plornish family lived in Little Dorrit); riley are just the sort of places Dickens would have visited on his frequent nighttime walks. He fi
39、rst came to London as a young boy, and lived at a number of addresses throughout his life, moving as his income and his issue (he had ten children)increased. Of these homes only one remains, at 48 Doughty Street, WC1, now the Dickens House Museum (Tel:405 2127, Mon-Sat 10:00 -17:00, admission 1.50)
40、, and as good a place as any to start your tour of Dickenss London. The Dickens family lived here for only two years1837 - 1839but during this brief period, Charles Dickens first achieved great fame as a novelist, finishing Pickwick Papers, and working on Oliver Twist, Barnaby Rudge and Nicholas Nic
41、kleby. If you want a house full of atmosphere, you may be a little disappointed, for it is more a collection of Dickensiana than a recreation of a home. Dont let this deter you, however, for this is the place to see manuscripts, first editions, letters, original drawings, as well as furniture, pictu
42、res and artifacts from different periods of his life. Just one room, the Drawing Room, has been reconstructed to look as it would have done in 1839, but elsewhere in the house you can see the grandfather lock which belonged to Moses Pickwick and gave the name to Pickwick Papers, the writing table fr
43、om Gads Hill, Rochester, on which he wrote his last words of fiction, and the mahogany sideboard he bought in 1839. It was in the back room on the first floor that Dickenss sister-in-law Mary Hogarth died when she was only 17. He loved Mary deeply, probably more than his wife, her sister. The traged
44、y haunted him for years, and is supposed to have inspired the famous death scene of Little Nell in The Old Curiosity Shop. If you walk through Lincolns Inn Fields, you will come across Portsmouth Street, and a building which, since Dickenss death, has claimed to be the Old Curiosity Shop itself. It
45、is thought to date from 1567, and is the oldest shop in London, but it seems more likely that the real Curiosity Shop was off Leicester Square. Whatever file truth, file shop makes a pleasant change from the many modern buildings which line the street. If you know Dickenss work well, you may like to
46、 make your own way around this area, or you may prefer to rely on the experts and join a guided walk. “City Walks“ organize a tour around a part of London which features strongly both in Dickenss early life and his books. This is Southwark, SEI, an area not normally renowned as tourist attraction, b
47、ut one which is historically fascinating. When the Dickens family first arrived in London, John Dickens, Charless father, was working in Whitehall. He was the model for Mr. Micawber in David Copperfield, so it is not surprising to learn that within a few months he was thrown into the Marshalsea Pris
48、on, off Borough High Street, for debt (Micawber was imprisoned in Kings Bench Prison which stood on the corner of the Borough Road). The Marshalsea Prison has long gone, but you can stand by the high walls and recall the time that Dickens would go into prison for supper each evening, after a hard an
49、d humiliating day sticking labels on pots at the Blacking Warehouse at Hungerford Stairs (near Chafing Cross Station). Off Borough High Street are several small alleys called Yards. These mark the sites of the old coaching inns where passengers would catch a stagecoach to destinations around the country. In one, White Hart Yard, stood the White Hart Inn, a tavern that Dickens knew well and in which he decided to introduce one of his best-loved characters, Sam Weller, of The Pickwick Papers. Mr. Pickwicks meeting with Sam ensur
