1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 375及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 . Platos idea of goodness and justice A. A good and just society depends on【 1】 of 3 groups of people: wo
3、rkers soldiers leaders B. A good society can happen if workers and soldiers learn【 2】 C. A person can be said to be good, Plato believes, if he brings desires emotions intellect in【 3】 . Aristotles idea of HappinessA. Aristotle is interested in【 4】 Distinction between 1. extrinsic value 2. intrinsic
4、 valueB. Distinction 1. extrinsic value not for themselves 2. intrinsic value【 5】 e. g. 1. Exercise If one emphasis the value of exercise for itself than he recognize【 6】 value of exercises 2. Health If health enables me to do a lot of other things, then health had【 7】 3. teaching Teaching does not
5、have【 8】 for all people. C. Happiness 1. All agree that happiness is【 9】 to be valued for itself and only for itself. 2. What is happiness? His criteria is True human happiness should be the【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and
6、 then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 Which of the following statements is CORRECT? （ A） The whole . Amazon is being
7、cut down to plant soybeans. （ B） China sells soybeans to the Amazon area. （ C） The new needs in China have negative effects on the Amazon. （ D） Only China can save the Amazon. 12 Climate change can affect businesses in the following ways EXCEPT （ A） flooding and storms. （ B） snowstorms and hailstorm
8、s. （ C） changing weather patterns. （ D） instability and insecurity. 13 Why does Carter cooperate with global companies? （ A） Because they have stronger financial ability. （ B） Because they have more customers and influence. （ C） Because they will carry out their promise. （ D） Because they have good
9、reputation. 14 According to Carter,high school students can protect the environment by （ A） staying away from the nature. （ B） communicating with parents on environmental issues. （ C） stopping using the plastic made things. （ D） eating less unhealthy food. 15 Carter tried to tell us by the story tha
10、t （ A） it is easy to protect tigers in the Himalayas. （ B） the local government protected tigers in order to earn money. （ C） the local people have the ability to make some difference in protecting the nature. （ D） protecting the nature will also bring people economic benefits. SECTION C NEWS BROADC
11、AST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 The statements which NATO-led forces made include all the following EXCEPT （ A） they
12、have suspended this kind of rocket. （ B） they are investigating the accident. （ C） they had never killed civilians mistakenly. （ D） they are still proceeding with the operation. 17 Tensions have flared because （ A） Malaysias High Court used the word “Allah“. （ B） a Roman Catholic newspaper used the
13、word “Allah“. （ C） a Catholic newspaper was permitted to use “Allah“. （ D） Muslim groups dont allow newspapers to use “Allah“. 18 The argument over the use of the word “Allah“ has exposed that （ A） Muslim groups cant get along with most non-Muslims. （ B） Christians are not popular in this majority M
14、uslim state. （ C） Muslim groups resent minorities like Christians deeply. （ D） minorities resent unfair treatments and desire freedom of religion. 19 The following people met Mexican President EXCEPT （ A） President Obama. （ B） business leaders. （ C） Congress leaders. （ D） Mexican immigrants. 20 The
15、issues which the two leaders talked about yesterday include all the following EXCEPT （ A） immigration policies. （ B） organized crime and violence. （ C） U. S. /Mexico broader security. （ D） trade between the two countries. 20 Replying to our Christmas “good guru guide“, Peter Drucker, the grand old m
16、an of management theory, speculated that the word “guru“ had become popular only because “charlatan“ was too long a word for most headlines. Few people are easier to ridicule than management gums. Irrepressible self-publicists and slavish fashion-merchants, they make a splendid living out of recycli
17、ng other peoples ideas (“chaos management“ ), coining euphemisms (“downsizing“ ) and laboring the obvious (“managing by wandering around“ or the customer is king“ ). Their books draw heavily on particular case studies often out-of-date ones that have nasty knack of collapsing later. And their ideas
18、change quickly. Tom Peters, once a self-confessed sycophant to the corporate behemoth is now an apostle of the small, chaotic, “virtual“ organization. Gums do have their uses, however. Begin with the circumstantial evidence. In America, where management theories are treated with undue reverence, bus
19、iness is bouncing back. In Germany, where business schools hardly exist and management theory is widely seen as an oxymoron, many companies are in trouble. German business magazines are suddenly brimming with articles about “downsizing“ and “business process re-engineering“ . In Japan firms are once
20、 again turning to business theories from America just as their fathers learnt after the Second World War from American quality control techniques. Coincidence does not prove causation: American firms were just as much in love with gums when they were doing badly. But the fact that Germans and Japane
21、se are paying attention again does offer some clues. The most important point in favor of management theories is that they are on the side of change. In 1927 a group of psychologists studying productivity at Western Electrics Hawthorne factory in Illinois found that workers increased their output wh
22、enever the level of lighting was changed, up or down. At the very least, theorists can make change easier by identifying problems, acting as scapegoats for managers or simply making people think. A vested interest in change can lead to faddism. But, taken with a requisite dose of scepticism, it can
23、be fine complacency-shaker. A second argument for gurus relates to knowledge. The best management theorists collect a lot of information about what makes firms successful. This varies from the highly technical, such as how to discount future cash flow, to softer organizational theories. Few would di
24、spute the usefulness of the first. It is in the second area the land of “flat hierarchies and“ multi-functional teams“ that gums have most often stumbled against or contradicted each other. This knowledge is not obviously providing a strategic recipe for success: there are too many variables in busi
25、ness, and if all competitors used the same recipe it would automatically cease to work. But it does provide something managers want: information about, and understanding of, other companies experience in trying out tactics thinner management structures, handing power to workers, performance-related
26、pay, or whatever. A good analogy may be with diets. There is no such thing as the “correct“ diet, but it is clear that some foods, in some quantities, arc better for you than others: and it is also likely that the main virtue of following a diet is not what you eat but the fact that it forces you to
27、 think about it. If management diets come with a lot of hype and some snake-oil, so be it. 21 Which of the following is the most suitable in meaning for the word“ guru“ in the passage? （ A） philosopher. （ B） company boss. （ C） worker. （ D） management theorist. 22 The second paragraph seems to sugges
28、t that Germans_. （ A） have no business schools （ B） never discuss management theory （ C） are beginning to realize the importance of management theory （ D） refuse to accept American values 23 The 1927 study case described in the second paragraph is used to_. （ A） illustrate the usefulness of manageme
29、nt theorists （ B） demonstrate the efficiency of management theorists （ C） show the important role of psychologists （ D） reveal the flexibility of the workers 24 Which of the following titles is the most appropriate for the passage? （ A） In Defense of the Guru. （ B） A Sharp Word for the Guru. （ C） th
30、e Weakness of the Guru. （ D） Gurus a Guarantee for Success. 24 In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child bad made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a cen
31、tury later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000. The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizers excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the
32、nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful“ child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless“ child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless. “ We
33、ll established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid- 1800s. this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumptio
34、n that a childs emotional value made child labor taboo. FoHr Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of childrens productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development
35、of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of childrens worth. Yet “expulsion of children from the cash nexus, . . . although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, oc
36、cupational, and family structures,“ Zelizer maintains, “was also part of a cultural process of sacralization“ of childrens lives. “ Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a
37、 way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. In stressing the cultural determinants of a childs worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,“ who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as cri
38、me, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,“ these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer i
39、s highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange“ or “surrender“ value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth i
40、nto cash terms, became much greater. 25 It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the_. （ A） earnings of the person at time of death （ B） wealth of the party causing the death （ C） degree of guil
41、t of the party causing the death （ D） amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed 26 It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who_. （ A） needed enormous amounts of security and affection （ B） requ
42、ired constant supervision while working （ C） were important to the economic well-being of a family （ D） were financial burdens assumed for the good of society 27 Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would most likely come from sociological econo
43、mists? （ A） Parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children. （ B） Childrens expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly. （ C） Compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor. （ D） Changes
44、 in the law made available of indemnity for damages in accidental-death cases. 28 Which of the following statements of American families in 19th century can be inferred from the passage? （ A） Family members became more economically dependent on each other. （ B） The percentage of families involved in
45、 industrial work declined dramatically. （ C） Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another. （ D） Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other. 29 Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of childrens worth E
46、XCEPT changes in （ A） the nature of industry （ B） the nature of the family （ C） attitudes toward reform movements （ D） attitudes toward the marketplace 29 It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However little known the fe
47、elings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. “My dear Mr. Bennet,“ said his lady to him one day, “have you heard th
48、at Netherfield Park is let at last?“ Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. “ But it is,“ returned she; “for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it. “ Mr. Bennet made no answer. “Do you not want to know who has taken it?“ cried his wife impatiently. “You want to tell me, and I have
49、no objection to hearing it. “ This was invitation enough. “Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four4 to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week. “ “What is his name?“ “ Bingley. “ “Is he married or single?“
