1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 566及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Characteristics of a Bureaucracy People usually hold negative opinion towards bureaucracy, but according
3、to Max Weber, bureaucracy has five characteristics, which entail both positive and negative influences on the society. Division of Labor Specialized experts are employed in each position to perform specific tasks. Positive influence: becoming highly skilled and working with【 1】 _ 【 1】_. Negative inf
4、luence: Trained incapacity: workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and cannot notice【 2】 _ 【 2】 _. Serious threat to the unemployed. Sex discrimination due to unnecessary distinctions between men and women. Hierarchy of Authority Each position is under supervision of a【 3】 _ 【 3
5、】 _. Positive influence: bringing women advantage at lower levels of bureaucracy. Negative influence: preventing women from being promoted to higher positions Women are viewed more as【 4】 _than as innovators, not aggressive enough 【 4】 _. to serve in higher management posts. Written Rules and Regula
6、tions All the work in a bureaucracy is carried out in accordance to specific rules and regulations. Positive influence: Ensuring【 5】 _of every task. 【 5】 _. Offering employees clear job performance standards. Creating a sense of【 6】 _in a bureaucracy. 【 6】 _. Negative influence: Leading to goal disp
7、lacement, i.e. rules becoming more important than achieving certain objective. 【 7】 _ 【 7】 _. Duty is carried out without personal consideration of people as individuals. Positive influence: ensuring【 8】 _of each person 【 8】 _. Negative influence: leading to cold and uncaring feelings of modern orga
8、nizations Employment Based on Technical Qualifications Hiring is based on technical qualifications, and performance is measured against specific standards. Positive influence: 【 9】 _can be more open and fair. 【 9】 _. Loyalty to the organization can be encouraged. Negative influence: talented people
9、being promoted continuous till they get to positions【 10】 _ 【 10】 _. 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to
10、5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 According to Sharon, who is the mostly likely to fall victim to hemochromatosis? （ A） Millions of Americans. （ B） People from Western
11、or Northern Europe. （ C） People who have taken too iron from food. （ D） Those with liver diseases. 12 Why cholesterol levels in people are higher in winters? （ A） Because there is not enough vitamin D in the body. （ B） Because people dont exercise enough in winters. （ C） Because the temperature is l
12、ower in winters. （ D） Because people do not receive enough sunshine during winters. 13 Which of the following is TRUE about wearing sunglasses? （ A） To protect the skin, wearing sunglasses is not recommended. （ B） Only wear sunglasses for ten minutes if you want to decrease the chance of sunburn. （
13、C） Expose your eyes to sunshine for a while can trigger the tanning process of the skin. （ D） Wearing sunglasses will trigger the production of hormone. 14 Why are organic vegetables not always safe? （ A） Because they contain more chemicals. （ B） Because they can make people less resistant to sunshi
14、ne. （ C） Because some chemicals in them can be potential dangers. （ D） Because their genes are modified to some degree. 15 What can we learn about Asians from the passage? （ A） They are more likely to appear drunk after drinking alcohol. （ B） They are more likely to become alcoholics. （ C） Half of t
15、hem are allergic to alcohol. （ D） Fifty percent of them cant stand alcohol. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the qu
16、estions. 16 Estrada, who is accused of EXCEPT_. （ A） bribery, graft and corruption （ B） betrayal of public trust （ C） disobedient to the country （ D） violations of the constitution 17 Who is the prosecutions star witness in the impeachment trial of Estrada? （ A） Luis Singson. （ B） Loi Ejercito. （ C）
17、 Hilario Davide. （ D） Accounts records. 17 Switzerland lies at the heart of Europe. To its west is France, to the north is Germany, to the east lies Austria and to the south, Italy. All of these countries have had an influence on Switzerland s history, culture and language. Switzerland covers an are
18、a of 41,288 square km. Its magnificent mountains and lakes draw many visitors each year, and it is famous around the world for its clock- and watch-making industries, its chocolate, its cheese and its banking system. Some 70 percent of the land area of Switzerland is mountainous. This has made the c
19、ountry difficult to invade and is one of the reasons why it has avoided the angry territorial wars that have plagued other countries in Europe. It has not been involved in a foreign war since the year 1515 and has maintained an armed neutrality since 1815. Individuals have traditionally offered thei
20、r services to the armies of other countries. Swiss mercenaries have gained a reputation for discipline and have been well paid for their services. The snow-capped Alps is the highest mountain region in Europe and is popular with climbers and hill walkers, who come to the area in summer. The Alps dom
21、inates the central and southern part of the country and is home to Europe s highest mountain, Mont Blanc. The less dramatic Jura Mountains lie to the northwest. In between these two mountainous areas lies the central Swiss plateau, which is about 50 km wide and runs from southwest to northeast. The
22、major urban centers are situated here, on the shores of Switzerland s major lakes. They include the capital city of Bern, the largest city, Zurich, and the major cultural, financial and manufacturing center of Geneva. The cities of Basel and Lausanne are also important manufacturing centers. Most pe
23、ople in Switzerland live in small towns, despite the importance of the cities. People who live in the countryside and in the alpine valleys work mainly on small family farms, rearing sheep, goats, pigs, cows and chickens and growing such crops as wheat, potatoes, apples and pears. The land is genera
24、lly poor, however, and the climate is not favorable to agriculture on a large scale. Switzerland must import most of its food. The Swiss have made good use of their countrys scant natural resources. Many rivers and mountain waterfalls have been harnessed to provide cheap hydroelectric power, althoug
25、h there are also several nuclear power stations. Switzerlands heavily forested hills and mountain slopes provide timber and furniture industries, and also for paper pulp. Much of its milk output is turned into Swiss “mousetrap“ cheese, famous for its holes and its distinctive flavor. 18 Zurich is_in
26、 Switzerland. （ A） the largest city （ B） the financial center （ C） a manufacturing center （ D） famous for its cheese 19 Most people in Switzerland live in _. （ A） cities （ B） towns （ C） the suburbs （ D） the countryside 一、 PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN) Directions: There are ten multiple-choice
27、questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. 20 Arthur Miller is an American （ A） novelist. （ B） poet. （ C） playwright. （ D） essayist. 21 Which of the following statements concerning modern linguistics is NOT correct? （ A） It is mostly descriptive. （ B） In modern linguistics,
28、a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. （ C） It regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language. （ D） It forces languages into a Latin-based framework. 22 The symbol of the Democratic Party of America is （ A） elephant. （ B） donkey. （ C）
29、 bear. （ D） bull. 23 The Hundred Years War from 1337 to 1453 happened between England and （ A） the Netherlands. （ B） France. （ C） India. （ D） Germany. 24 Pygmalion is a play written by_, which is later adapted into a musical film. （ A） George Bernard Shaw （ B） Oscar Wild （ C） William Shakespeare （ D
30、） Virginia Woolf 25 The founder of Behaviorism is_. （ A） Chomsky （ B） Saussure （ C） Bloomfield （ D） Labov 26 The so-called “Glorious Revolution“ of 1688 took place in _. （ A） France （ B） America （ C） England （ D） Japan 27 The capital of New Zealand is_. （ A） Auckland （ B） Christchurch （ C） Dunedin （
31、 D） Wellington 28 Chinese is a_ language. （ A） intonation （ B） tone （ C） stress （ D） pitch 29 President Lincolns _ was to free black slaves in the south in American history. （ A） Proclamation of Emancipation （ B） Free Speech （ C） Liberation Speech （ D） Inaugural Speech 二、 PART IV PROOFREADING this p
32、igment is similar with that found in the retina 【 M9】 _ of the eye. One layer down, in the derma, there is similar varietion in thickness, mostly to protect 【 M10】 _ underlying tissue. 30 【 M1】 31 【 M2】 32 【 M3】 33 【 M4】 34 【 M5】 35 【 M6】 36 【 M7】 37 【 M8】 38 【 M9】 39 【 M10】 SECTION A CHINESE TO ENG
33、LISH Directions: Translate the following text into English. 40 敦煌坐落在甘肃省西北的沙漠走廊地带，其西靠近新疆，其东是祁连山脉。这座有两千年历史的古城，曾经是联结中国和中亚的丝绸之路上一个重要的商队驻足地。如今，其吸引来客的主要原因在于：敦煌是世界上已知的佛教艺术的一个最珍贵的宝藏的所在地 莫高窟。据一幅唐石刻所载，此处的石刻始于公元 360年。当时一位名叫乐僧的和尚经过该地，看到一千个金佛的景象。 随后一千年间，在陡峭的沙岩峭壁上刻出了数以百计的洞穴：所有洞穴成蜂窝状，其间有木制栈道和梯子相接。 SECTION B ENGLIS
34、H TO CHINESE Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese. 41 If we want to avoid the disaster scenario, people in developed countries will have to take a global perspective and accept responsibility for the damage export crops such as timber, coffee, cut flowers or even green beans, do to
35、the environment. The challenge is to avoid simply imposing western attitudes on local peoples. Already there are no truly wild places left in the world. Looking at wildlife has become the preserve of the middle classes over the last twenty-odd years, and as wild animals become even rarer, so more to
36、urists want to see them. But tourism alone plainly cannot conserve the worlds animals; economic development is the priority. For the future, I suspect that if you really want to do something about wild life conservation, you would be better off putting your money into womens education rather than ju
37、st into the protection of flagship species. Women often bear the direct costs of wildlife conflict; their knowledge of how to deal with conflict and how to control their own reproductive destinies may yet determine the survival of many threatened species. 三、 PART VI WRITING (45 MIN) Directions: Writ
38、e a composition of about 400 words on the following topic. 42 With the mobile phones entrance into the common families, the phone calls in the classes have become a hot issue. Some people consider it as a natural development with the economic progress of our country. Others believe that the phones a
39、re luxuries that will distract the students and do harm to them. What s your opinion? Write an article of about 400 words on this topic. You should supply a title for your article. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support t
40、he thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your
41、 composition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. 专业英语八级模拟试卷 566答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-fi
42、lling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 【听力原文】 Characteristics of a Bureaucracy When we think of the term burea
43、ucracy, a variety of unpleasant images come to mind. In order to develop a more useful and objective definition of bureaucracy, we must turn to the writings of Max Weber. Weber viewed bureaucracy as a form of organization quite different from the family-run business. He argued that every bureaucracy
44、-whether its purpose is to run a day care center, or army-will have five basic characteristics. In our lecture today, well take a brief look at these characteristics. The first characteristic Weber identified is division of labor. Specialized experts are employed in each position to perform specific
45、 tasks. Thus, the president of the United States need not be a good typist. A lawyer need not be able to complete an income tax form. By working at a specific task, people are more likely to he-come highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This emphasis on specialization is so bas
46、ic a part of our lives that we may not realize that it is a recent development in western culture. Although division of labor has certainly been beneficial in the performance of many complex bureaucracies, in some cases it can lead to trained incapacity; that is, workers become so specialized that t
47、hey develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems. Besides, specialization is especially disastrous for the person who loses a job during layoff. The third problem is that division of labor may actually contribute to sex discrimination by creating unnecessary and inappropriate distinctions
48、 between female and male employees. The second characteristic Weber found for bureaucracy is hierarchy of authority. Bureaucracies follow the principle of hierarchy; that is, each position is under the supervision of a higher authority. Large medical groups, for example, have boards of directors, executive committees, and administrators. Recent research suggests that bureaucracy may be a positive environment for women at the lower but not the upper echelons of the hierarchy. It is believed that many traits traditionall
