1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 873及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you
2、 fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Stephen Krashens Theory of Second Language Acquisition Stephen Krashen is an expert in the field of linguistics. Some points about
3、 his Theory of Second Language Acquisition should be known. I. A brief description of the theory of second language acquisition A. Requiring meaningful interaction natural【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ B. Supplying “comprehensible input“ in【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ allowing students to【 T3】 _when they are “ready“【 T3】 _ recog
4、nizing improvement comes from supplying effective input C. Having large impacts in second language research and teaching II. Five main【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ A. The Acquisition-Learning hypothesis the most【 T5】 _one【 T5】 _ two independent systems “acquisition“: product of a(n)【 T6】 _【 T6】 _ “learning“ : prod
5、uct of formal instruction and comprising a【 T7】 _【 T7】_ B. The Monitor hypothesis 【 T8】 _the influence of learning on acquisition【 T8】 _ acting in a planning, editing and【 T9】 _function【 T9】 _ the role of the monitor is minor, only used to correct deviations 【 T10】 _among learners: over-users, under
6、-users, optimal users【 T10】_ an evaluation of the persons psychological profile can help e.g. under-users: extroverts: over-users: introverts and【 T11】 _【 T11】 _ C. The Natural Order hypothesis based on research findings: acquisition follows a【 T12】 _“natural order“【 T12】 _ rejecting【 T13】 _on langu
7、age acquisition【 T13】 _ D. The Input hypothesis an explanation of how second language acquisition takes place only concerned with “ acquisition“ Second language “input“ is beyond ones【 T14】 _of linguistic competence【 T14】 _ E. The Affective Filter hypothesis the “affective variables“ playing a facil
8、itative role in acquisition variables:【 T15】 _, self-confidence and anxiety【 T15】 _ the “up“ of the filter to impede language acquisition positive affect being necessary, but not sufficient on its own, for acquisition to take place 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【
9、T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 SECTION B INTERVIEW In this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoke
10、n ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A , B , C and D , and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions. （ A） To tell people whether some medical procedu
11、res are essential. （ B） To solve the relationship problems between doctors and patients. （ C） To guide people to the doctors office for a checkup. （ D） To give the patients a thorough medical checkup. （ A） The issues that affect public health. （ B） The issues that everyone encounters in daily life.
12、（ C） The issues that attract most public concern. （ D） The issues that affect doctor-patient relationship. （ A） To make precautions against the spread of disease. （ B） To help the public learn about the indicators of disease. （ C） To decide whether some medical checks are necessary. （ D） To judge if
13、 the doctors are qualified for what they do. （ A） They completely depend on academic publications. （ B） They try their best to look for the evidence of efficacy. （ C） They take the cost of a certain procedure into consideration. （ D） They make the decision by instinct. （ A） It is set up by the US De
14、partment of Health and Human Services. （ B） Their work is labor-intensive. （ C） It aims to save money for the government. （ D） The conclusion of the group is based on evidence. （ A） Because it said that early detection of breast cancer was not accurate enough. （ B） Because it warned that middle-age
15、women are of high risk of breast cancer. （ C） Because it found that early detection of breast cancer may cause some harm. （ D） Because it looked at the special age group of women in their 40s. （ A） It was made in a hurry: （ B） It affected the groups credit. （ C） It has both supporters and opponents.
16、 （ D） It was proved true in the end. （ A） The timing of the release of the decision. （ B） The number of patients involved. （ C） The lack of solid evidence. （ D） The intervention of the Congress. （ A） They should never be recommended to anyone. （ B） They are quite safe for the sick. （ C） They should
17、be reserved for people who have a cancer. （ D） They are necessary for almost anyone. （ A） The way of getting their input. （ B） The channel to release information. （ C） The selection of members. （ D） The range of their focus. SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passa
18、ges followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 25 (1)On any person who desires such queer prizes, New York will bestow the gift of loneliness and the gift
19、 of privacy. It is this largess that accounts for the presence within the citys walls of a considerable section of the population: for the residents of Manhattan are to a large extent strangers who have pulled up stakes somewhere and come to town, seeking sanctuary or fulfillment or some greater or
20、lesser grail. The capacity to make such dubious gifts is a mysterious quality of New York. It can destroy an individual, or it can fulfill him, depending a good deal on luck. No one should come to New York to live unless he is willing to be lucky. (2)New York is the concentrate of art and commerce a
21、nd sport and religion and entertainment and finance, bringing to a single compact arena the gladiator, the evangelist, the promoter, the actor, the trader, and the merchant. It carries on its lapel the unexpungeable odor of the long past, so that no matter where you sit in New York you feel the vibr
22、ations of great times and tall deeds, of queer people and events and undertakings. I am sitting at the moment in a stifling hotel room in 90-degree heat, halfway down an air shaft, in midtown. No air moves in or out of the room, yet I am curiously affected by emanations from the immediate surroundin
23、gs. I am twenty-two blocks from where Rudolph Valentino lay in state, eight blocks from where Nathan Hale was executed, five blocks from the publishers office where Ernest Hemingway hit Max Eastman on the nose, four miles from where Walt Whitman sat sweating out editorials for the Brooklyn Eagle, th
24、irty-four blocks from the street Willa Cather lived in when she came to New York to write books about Nebraska, one block from where Marceline used to clown on the boards of the Hippodrome, thirty-six blocks from the spot where the historian Joe Gould kicked a radio to pieces in full view of the pub
25、lic, thirteen blocks from where Harry Thaw shot Stanford White, five blocks from where I used to usher at the Metropolitan Opera and only 112 blocks from the spot where Clarence Day the elder was washed of his sins in the Church of the Epiphany(I could continue this list indefinitely). And for that
26、matter I am probably occupying the very room that any number of exalted and somewise memorable characters sat in, some of them on hot, breathless afternoons, lonely and private and full of their own sense of emanations from without. (3)New York blends the gift of privacy with the excitement of parti
27、cipation: and better than most dense communities it succeeds in insulating the individual(if he wants it, and almost everybody wants or needs it)against all enormous and violent and wonderful events that are taking place every minute. Since I have been sitting in this miasmic air shaft, a good many
28、rather splashy events have occurred in town. A man shot and killed his wife in a fit of jealousy. It caused no stir outside his block and got only small mention in the papers. I did not attend. Since my arrival, the greatest air show ever staged in all the world took place in town. I didnt attend an
29、d neither did most of the eight million other inhabitants, although they say there was quite a crowd. I didnt even hear any planes except a couple of westbound commercial airliners that habitually use this air shaft to fly over. The biggest oceangoing ships on the North Atlantic arrived and departed
30、. I didnt notice them and neither did most other New Yorkers. I am told this is the greatest seaport in the world, with 650 miles of waterfront, and ships calling here from many exotic lands, but the only boat Ive happened to notice since my arrival was a small sloop tacking out of the East River ni
31、ght before last on the ebb tide when I was walking across the Brooklyn Bridge. I heard the Queen Mary blow one midnight, though, and the sound carried the whole history of departure and longing and loss. (4)I mention these events merely to show that New York is peculiarly constructed to absorb almos
32、t anything that comes along(whether a thousand-foot liner out of the East or a twenty-thousand-man convention out of the West)without inflicting the event on its inhabitants: so that every event is, in a sense, optional, and the inhabitant is in the happy position of being able to choose his spectac
33、le and so conserve his soul. In most metropolises, small and large, the choice is often not with the individual at all. He is thrown to the Lions. The Lions are overwhelming: the event is unavoidable. (5)Although New York often imparts a feeling of great forlornness or forsakenness, it seldom seems
34、dead or unresourceful: and you always feel that either by shifting your location ten blocks or by reducing your fortune by five dollars you can experience rejuvenation. Many people who have no real independence of spirit depend on the citys tremendous variety and sources of excitement for spiritual
35、sustenance and maintenance of morale. In the country there are a few chances of sudden rejuvenation a shift in weather, perhaps, or something arriving in the mail. But in New York the chances are endless. I think that although many persons are here from some excess of spirit(which caused them to bre
36、ak away from their small town), some, too, are here from a deficiency of spirit, who find in New York a protection, or an easy substitution. 26 According to Para. 1, the author seems to believe that_. （ A） New York is not suitable for people to live in （ B） whether an individual will enjoy living in
37、 New York depends on luck （ C） most residents of New York lead an isolated life （ D） New York is a city full of bizarreness and mystery 27 What type of rhetorical device is used in the fifth sentence in Para. 2? （ A） Analogy. （ B） Allusion. （ C） Contrast. （ D） Parallelism. 28 Which of the following
38、can best describe the main idea of Para. 4? （ A） The difference between New York and other metropolises. （ B） New Yorkers can choose to attend the grand events. （ C） The advantages of living in New York. （ D） How to lead an independent life in New York. 29 What can be inferred from Para. 5? （ A） New
39、 Yorkers often move their homes to get fresh experience. （ B） Living in New York can enrich peoples life and cheer them up. （ C） Many people come to New York for its comfort. （ D） New York residents often feel isolated from the exciting events outside. 30 Which of the following sentences can summari
40、ze the authors main opinion? （ A） New York is the concentrate of art and commerce and entertainment. （ B） New York will bestow the gift of loneliness and privacy on people. （ C） New York blends the gift of privacy with the excitement of participation. （ D） New York is peculiarly constructed to absor
41、b almost anything that comes along. 30 (1)Procrastination comes in many disguises. We might resolve to tackle a task, but find endless reasons to defer it. We might prioritize things we can readily tick off our to-do list answering emails, say while leaving the big, complex stuff untouched for anoth
42、er day. We can look and feel busy, while artfully avoiding the tasks that really matter. And when we look at those rolling, long-untouched items at the bottom of our to-do list, we cant help but feel a little disappointed in ourselves. (2)The problem is our brains are programmed to procrastinate. In
43、 general, we all tend to struggle with tasks that promise future upside in return for efforts we take now. Thats because its easier for our brains to process concrete rather than abstract things, and the immediate hassle is very tangible compared with those unknowable, uncertain future benefits. So
44、the short-term effort easily dominates the long-term upside in our minds an example of something that behavioral scientists call present bias. (3)How can you become less myopic about your elusive tasks? Its all about rebalancing the cost-benefit analysis: make the benefits of action feel bigger, and
45、 the costs of action feel smaller. The reward for doing a pestering task needs to feel larger than the immediate pain of tackling it. (4)To make the benefits of action feel bigger and more real: (5)Visualize how great it will be to get it done. Researchers have discovered that people are more likely
46、 to save for their future retirement if theyre shown digitally aged photographs of themselves. Why? Because it makes their future self feel more realmaking the future benefits of saving also feel more weighty. When we apply a lo-fi version of this technique to any task weve been avoiding, by taking
47、a moment to paint ourselves a vivid mental picture of the benefits of getting it done, it can sometimes be just enough to get us unstuck. So if theres a call youre avoiding or an email youre putting off, give your brain a helping hand by imagining the virtuous sense of satisfaction youll have once i
48、ts done and perhaps also the look of relief on someones face as they get from you what they needed. (6)Pre-commit, publicly. Telling people that were going to get something done can powerfully amplify the appeal of actually taking action, because our brains reward system is so highly responsive to o
49、ur social standing. Research has found that it matters greatly to us whether were respected by others even by strangers. Most of us dont want to look foolish or lazy to other people. So by daring to say “Ill send you the report by the end of the day“ we add social benefits to following through on our promise which can be just enough to nudge u
