1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 180及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Differences Between Chinese Cultures and American Cultures I. General differences A. History China: a traditional centuries-ol
3、d country America: a(n)【 T1】 _ nation【 T1】 _ B. Cultural identity China: long endured traditions and customs America: a melting pot of cultures II. Specific differences A.【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ China: formal and hierarchical America: loose and【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ B. Confrontation/Conflict China: avoid direct conf
4、lict or confrontation 【 T4】 _ and honour to a person are prioritised【 T4】 _ C. Self China: value【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ e.g. willing to【 T6】 _ for greater good【 T6】 _ America: look more at individualism D.【 T7】 _ and Reputation【 T7】 _ China: avoid【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ e.g. sacrifice the job to heal the shame Americ
5、a: getting the job done is more important than reputation E. Business Relations China:【 T9】 _ comes ahead of business【 T9】 _ America business is more important F. Morals China: place high value on morals late marriage is encouraged 【 T10】 _ is discouraged in early adolescence【 T10】 _ proprieties are
6、 expected to be held up America more【 T11】 _【 T11】 _ G. Humility China humility is considered a(n)【 T12】 _【 T12】 _ America: successes are lauded; humility is a(n)【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ H. Time Sensitivity China view time as a(n)【 T14】 _ not an absolute【 T14】 _ America: very time sensitive in meetings and【
7、 T15】 _【 T15】 _ 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Intercultural Communication Problems and Solutions I. Intercultural Communication Problems A. Stereotyping Definition: a selection process to【 T1】 _
8、perceptions of others【 T1】 _ Examples: a)“Women are emotional.“ b)“【 T2】 _“ etc.【 T2】 _ B. Prejudices Definition: 【 T3】 _ toward others based on wrong stereotypes【 T3】 _ Examples: We feel disapproving of certain people C. Discrimination Definition: related to【 T4】 _ aspect【 T4】 _ Example: Discrimina
9、tion against women in women attorneys II. Intercultural Communication Solutions A.【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ This will help us find【 T6】 _ solutions to problems【 T6】 _ Example of a student in a German university a)She complained that the German students【 T7】 _【 T7】 _ b)I asked her to play the scene c)It turned
10、out that German students had not seen her d)Her perception was only her【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ B. Looking for Evidence Evidences derived from the wounds or fears in【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ Example of the student a)She felt【 T10】 _because her sister was prettier【 T10】 _ b)She usually【 T11】 _ the shoes of a 5-year-old g
11、irl【 T11】 _ C. Observing the Reaction Tendency to【 T12】 _ others【 T12】 _ Vicious circle of feeling rejected and rejecting others D. Perception of Others Put ourselves into others shoes E.【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ Control our perception a)Be aware of our【 T14】 _【 T14】 _ b)Gathering or using【 T15】 _ informatio
12、n【 T15】 _ 16 【 T1】 17 【 T2】 18 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【 T5】 21 【 T6】 22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 28 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 180答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listenin
13、g to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview
14、the gap-filling task. 0 【听力原文】 Differences Between Chinese Cultures and American Cultures Good morning, everyone. Today we are going to talk about the major differences between Chinese cultures and American cultures. China is one of those interesting cultures mainly because what we usually know abou
15、t the country is through movies or local Chinese restaurants. What Ive learned over the years is that this kind of knowledge is usually useless. So, being an American what do I see as the 8 biggest cultural differences between the two countries? Before I actually dive into the differences, I just wa
16、nt you to know that these differences do not make either culture better or worse than the other one. It just shows their differences which have been created through centuries of history and development. China can trace their traditions and customs for thousands of years.1America is still a small bab
17、y of a nation that has had very few traditions of its own but has become such a melting pot of cultures that there is almost no specific American culture that can be said to be applied across the board. This makes both cultures unique and worthy of study and respect. With this in mind, lets begin wi
18、th the 8 biggest differences. 1.2Social Structure. In China the social structure is formal and hierarchical. You know where you fit in the structure and you abide by the rules there. There is no crossing into other areas.3In America it is much more loose and informal. It is not uncommon to see those
19、 of various social levels socializing and knowing each other. There are very few lines that socially are not allowed to be crossed. This can cause problems in business relationships if the visiting culture is unaware of it. 2. Confrontation/Conflict. If you are planning on conducting business in Chi
20、na or expecting an extended stay, it might be useful to know that the direct way that most Americans approach issues is not the way to go in China. Direct conflict or confrontation over issues is highly frowned upon.4Doesnt matter that the “truth“ needs to be spoken, respect and honour to each perso
21、n replace that. To prove a point and show yourself in the right even over business issues is considered shameful and should be avoided. 3. Self.5The Chinese looks more at the group collectivism than at individualism. America has become known for its push of individualism which has been a source of c
22、onflict with other cultures that look collectively. A person from China is more prone to look at how their acts affect the whole instead of how it affects them personally.6They are more willing to give up and sacrifice for the greater good. Americas individualism has been its backbone and the reason
23、 for its success as a world power, but when visiting China it needs to be reined in. 4.7Face and Reputation. Reputation of the individual is very important in China8If an action will humiliate someone or ruin a reputation, it is avoided. When shame occurs, the person sacrifices his job or whatever i
24、t is that will heal the shame. In America, reputations come and go overnight and in the end usually does not matter. The end result is more of the focus. A person is more likely to overlook a reputation to get the job done. 5. Business Relations.9When doing business in China, be prepared for much so
25、cializing. Business becomes secondary as the parties get to know each better. If it delays a contract, that is perfectly acceptable as long as the correct social time is allotted for. In America, business associates are usually more aloof. There might be some social gathering but the business is mor
26、e important and the socializing will be sacrificed to get the job done if needed. Though there seems to be shift in America regarding this. The recognition of networking is becoming more pronounced. 6. Morals. Chinese society places high values on the morals of their people. Marriage is not encourag
27、ed until the late twenties. In fact,10dating is discouraged early in a young adults life and proprieties are expected to be held up.11The American culture is much more relaxed and some could even argue that there needs to be more morality emphasized. 7. Humility.12Humility is a revered virtue in Chi
28、nese culture. The success of ones business or personal life is downplayed while in America the successes are lauded.13Most Americans in the fast business world consider humility as a sign of weakness. This can be an issue that hurts inter-cultural relations. Be very sensitive to comments and actions
29、 in the presence of another culture. 8. Time Sensitivity. Crossing cultures for business can be frustrating when it interferes with getting the job done.15Most Americans are very time sensitive when it comes to meetings and deadlines. If the meeting was to commence at 2:00, then all parties are to b
30、e present at that time.14The Chinese do not view time as an absolute but more as a suggestion. Concern is not expressed for a meeting starting late or ending at a different time.15The same can be applied to deadlines. If a report is due on Friday, an American would be waiting for that report to be r
31、eceived before end of business day. The Chinese would not worry if it showed up several days later. Ok, today, weve taken a brief look at the 8 major differences between the Chinese cultures and the American cultures, which are permeated in the socio-economical aspects of the life. In the next lectu
32、re, we will do a case study on the cultural shock experienced by an American in China. 【知识模块】 听力填空 1 【正确答案】 young baby 【试题解析】 本题考查美国与中国的历史差异性。原文把美国比喻成 a small baby，表明美国是一个年轻的国家，故填入 young或 baby均可。 【知识模块】 听力填空 2 【正确答案】 Social Structure 【试题解析】 本题考查讲座的第一个要点内容。录音提到，中国文化和美国文化的第一个不同点就是社会结构。因此本题填入 Social St
33、ructure。 【知识模块】 听力填空 3 【正确答案】 informal 【试题解析】 本题考查美国与中国在社会结构上的差别。原文提到中国的社会结构正式且等级制度明显，美国则宽松而不拘礼节 (loose and informal)。 【知识模块】 听力填空 4 【正确答案】 respect 【试题解析】 原文提到 respect and honour to each person replace that，题目中的 prioritised是 replace that的同义转换。故此空填 respect。 【知识模块】 听力填空 5 【正确答案】 (group)collectivism 【试
34、题解析】 录音提到第三个要点 个体时说到，在集体主义和个人主义两者中，中国人更偏向于集体主义，而美国人则偏向个人主义。因此本题填入 group collectivism或 collectivism均可。 【知识模块】 听力 填空 6 【正确答案】 sacrifice give up 【试题解析】 本题涉及集体主义的具体表现。原文提到，中国人更倾向于为集体利益而牺牲个人利益。由于每空最多填三个单词，因此填入 give up或 sacrifice其一即可。 【知识模块】 听力填空 7 【正确答案】 Face 【试题解析】 本题考查第四点差异的关键词。考生做笔记时需把每个不同点及其分内容分别记清楚。
35、本题可直接从原文获得答案 Face。 【知识模块】 听力填空 8 【正确答案】 humiliating actions 【试题解析】 录音提到，中国人很看重个人的名誉。羞辱或践踏他人名誉的行为是要避免的。根据提纲的 avoid，本题应填入 humiliating actions。 【知识模块】 听力填空 9 【正确答案】 socializing 【试题解析】 本题考查考生的理解与转换能力。原文提到，在中国做生意，要做好应付很多社交活动的心理准备：当双方开始互相认识时，会把谈生意放在第二位。原文 as the parties get to know each other就是 socializin
36、g的 同义转换。因此，考生应学会归纳总结，对关键词进行概括转换。 【知识模块】 听力填空 10 【正确答案】 dating 【试题解析】 本题要求填写中国对道德约束的三个表现之一。原文提到，在青少年时期约会 (dating)是不被鼓励的。 【知识模块】 听力填空 11 【正确答案】 relaxed 【试题解析】 本题要求填写美国对道德的要求。原文提到美国文化更为放松，故填 relaxed即可。 【知识模块】 听力填空 12 【正确答案】 revered virtue virtue 【试题解析】 本题要求填写中国人是怎样看待谦虚的。原文该点第一句就提到Humility is a revered
37、virtue in Chineseculture。故填 (revered virtue)。 【知识模块】 听力填空 13 【正确答案】 sign of weakness 【试题解析】 本题考查考生对细节信息的把握。录音提到，相比起中国人看待谦逊是一种美德，在这个节奏快速的商业界里大部分的美国人把谦逊看作是一种软弱的表现。故本题填入 sign of weakness。 【知识模块】 听力填空 14 【正确答案】 suggestion 【试题解析】 本题要求填写中国人对时间的态度。由 The Chinese do not view time as an absolute but more as a
38、 suggestion可得出答案。 notbut 句式往往是重要考点，考生应注意做好笔记。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【正确答案】 deadlines 【试题解析】 本题考查考生对综合信息的把握能力。录音提到，当提到会议和截止时间时，大多数美国人对时 间是非常敏感的。结合提纲内容，本题填入deadlines。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【听力原文】 Intercultural Communication Problems and Solutions Good morning, everyone. Today we will look at the intercultural commu
39、nication problems and solutions. Generally speaking, three types of problems are involved in the intercultural communication. They are stereotyping, prejudices, and discrimination. Let me explain each one to you with examples. First, about stereotyping.1Walter Lippmann introduced the term in 1922 to
40、 refer to a selection process that is used to organise and simplify perceptions of others. Stereotypes are a form of generalisation about some group of people to all people who belong to that category. Examples for stereotyping are such beliefs as: “Women are emotional“,2“Politicians are dishonest“,
41、 “Germans are cold and too serious“, “Latinos are lazy“. Secondly, about prejudices.3Prejudices refer to negative attitudes toward other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. Prejudices include irrational feelings of dislike and even hatred for certain groups of people, who are
42、 not based on direct experiences and first-hand knowledge. Whereas prejudice refers to a peoples attitude or mental presentation,4the term discrimination refers to the behavioural aspect, prejudice in action. For instance, you hold a resentful attitude towards the idea that women are equally capable
43、 in law business. This prejudice might lead you to a discrimination against women in women attorneys. As we understand the problems involved in intercultural communication, lets talk about the solutions. We have a 5-step approach we can follow. First Step:5Examining our Perception A not-OK feeling i
44、s indubitably uncomfortable for every person affected by it and should therefore be avoided.6In addition, it keeps us from finding good and proper solutions to our problems. That is why it is so important to examine this feeling. An example from a workshop with British students should make this clea
45、rer. A student reported the following German university experience:7“I found the German students cold. I was at the university the first day and was supposed to contact a seminar group. The students were sitting around a table talking.7No one paid any attention to me; they ignored me, and I left.“ I
46、 asked the student to play the scene. She had the workshop students spread themselves out around a table the way she remembered the German students to be sitting and stood at a distance to it. It was quickly clear that the group around the table probably had not even seen her and8that the students f
47、eeling of being rejected and ignored had only been in her imagination. Feelings are real and, even when they are objectively irrational, perceiving them is the first step towards change. Second Step: Looking for Evidence A second step is then the question where these feelings come from: do they have
48、 to do with the momentary situation or are they older feelings that are re-released by the current situation?9Searching for this evidence almost always brings us into contact with the wounds or fears of a small girl or boy. Thus too in our account: the student was reminded spontaneously of a childhood scene: she saw herself as a small, skinny, ugly little girl together with her younger, beautiful sister; everyone look at the enchanting little sister, and10she felt in her little sister
