1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 187及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Two Cultural Dimensions Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of p
3、eople from another. There are four cultural dimensions as defined in Hofstedes research, two of which are talked about. I. Power Distance Definition: the extent to which subordinates can【 T1】 _ with【 T1】 _ bosses or managers Oriental Culture: high power distance A “Power-oriented culture“: superiors
4、 are entitled more【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ Typical countries: Malaysia, Japan, China and India B. “The【 T3】 _ culture“: subordinates respect superiors【 T3】 _ Advantage: an easy managing system Disadvantage: not favorable for【 T4】 _ employees to work well【 T4】 _ Western Culture: low power distance A. “The【 T5】
5、 _ culture“: each higher level has a clear and【 T5】 _ demonstrable function of holding together the level beneath it B. Leadership style: hierarchy and【 T6】 _【 T6】 _ C. Advantage: explore all the【 T7】 _ of employees【 T7】 _ D. Typical countries: Germany,【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ Suggestion: managers and subordi
6、nates work together efficiently and more【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ II. Uncertainty avoidance Definition: the extent to which one feels either uncomfortable or comfortable in【 T10】 _ situations【 T10】 _ Uncertainty avoiding cultures: minimize the possibility of such situations A By strict【 T11】 _, safety and secu
7、rity measures【 T11】 _ B. By a belief in【 T12】 _【 T12】 _ High uncertainty avoidance: Japan, China A Prefer job【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ B. Team work instead of independent work Low uncertainty avoidance: USA Denmark, Singapore A High Job【 T14】 _【 T14】 _ B. Risk-taking Suggestion: pay attention to【 T15】 _ set
8、between【 T15】 _ different uncertainty avoidance 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Cross Cultural Business Presentations Within the business environment, understanding and coping with intercultural di
9、fferences between people is critical to ensuring that interpersonal communication is successful. I. Language Be careful when it comes to slang,【 T1】 _ or phrases【 T1】 _ Try and keep language simple II. Body Language Different perception of body language A. Some cultures will【 T2】 _ hand gestures and
10、 body languages【 T2】 _ B. Some expect speakers to be less【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ The use of gestures A. Thumb up: different meanings in US and Iran B.【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ a sign of sincerity vs. an invasion of privacy III. Time Some cultures prefer a(n)【 T5】 _, timetabled approach【 T5】 _ e.g. being late is negativ
11、e Some are more【 T6】 _【 T6】 _ e.g. a start time is only a guide IV. Emotions Expect certain amount of【 T7】 _ or scrutiny【 T7】 _ Never get【 T8】 _, show frustration or display anger【 T8】 _ V. Style of Presentation Europeans: prefer information to be presented【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ The US: prefers a much【 T10】
12、 _presentation【 T10】 _ that is bottom-line orientated VI.【 T11】 _【 T11】 _ Some countries may not have the technical capabilities Some cultures prefer words and personality to a(n)【 T12】 _ element【 T12】_ in presentations VII. Content Long term orientated cultures: excited about【 T13】 _and figures【 T1
13、3】_ Other cultures: focus on【 T14】 _, accomplishments and experience【 T14】_ VIII. Audience Participation Some cultures are willing to participate in exercises and Q it ultimately refers to mans search for truth.10It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable
14、 or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual.11Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures,12and on the philosophical and religi
15、ous level by a belief in absolute Truth; “there can only be one Truth and we have it“. For example, in Germany there is a reasonable high uncertainty avoidance compared to countries such as Singapore and neighbouring country Denmark. Germans are not keen on uncertainty, by planning everything carefu
16、lly they try to avoid the uncertainty. In Germany there is a society that relies on rules, laws and regulations. Germany wants to reduce its risks to the minimum and proceed with changes step by step. There is high uncertainty avoidance in most oriental countries such as Japan and China13In these co
17、untries, people prefer a stable job. They feel safe and prideful when they keep working hard at the one place. Under this circumstance, an excellent manager should keep his employee away from unpredictable risk. And the employee would like to be worked within groups rather than independently because
18、 of the less risk-taking.14But in most western countries, there is low uncertainty avoidance showed, whereas high job mobility occurs in those countries such as USA, Denmark and Singapore. The western people think that when they change their jobs, they can get more experience because they like chall
19、enge. I believe that the divergence of the uncertainty avoidance is from different basic social ideology.15A competent manager should pay attention to the rules set between different uncertainty avoidance. The misreading of that may affect the initiative and the aspiration of the subordinates. OK. I
20、n my talk today, I have mentioned some cultural dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity. After that, I offer you some insights into the first two dimensions and hopefully I have set you on the right path to the understanding of cultures and cultural differenc
21、es. 【知识模块】 听力填空 1 【正确答案】 consent or dissent/agree or disagree 【 试题解析】 本题考查权力距离的定义，权力距离是指下属在多大程度上可以同意或不同意上司。有关下定义的信息是常设考点，做笔记过程中要多加留意。 【知识模块】 听力填空 2 【正确答案】 privileges 【试题解析】 本题考查高权利距离企业文化中上级的优势。讲座中说到，在高权利距离企业文化中，经理是做决定的那个人，上级看似有着更多的特权。故本题填入 privileges一词，注意应填入复数形式。 【知识模块】 听力填空 3 【正确答案】 family 【试题解析】 讲
22、座从两方面 阐述了东方企业文化中的权利距离，即 “权利集中文化 ”与 “家庭文化 ”。 “家庭文化 ”被视为下属尊重服从上级。答案为 family。 【知识模块】 听力填空 4 【正确答案】 young creative 【试题解析】 高权力距离的企业文化的劣势是年轻有创意的员工难以在工作中充分发挥才能。讲座中从正反两面描述了高权力距离的企业文化。通常会是考查要点，应着重做好记录。 【知识模块】 听力填空 5 【正确答案】 Eiffel Tower 【试题解析】 本题考查西方 “埃菲尔铁塔文化 ”的定义， 这是做笔记的重点。根据题目冒号后的解释可推知此处应填 Eiffel Tower。 【知识
23、模块】 听力填空 6 【正确答案】 consensus 【试题解析】 本题考查考生记取并列信息的能力。在 “埃菲尔铁塔文化 ”中，领导阶层通常被称为 hierarchy and consensus。听录音时要抓住文中关键词 be called as。 【知识模块】 听力填空 7 【正确答案】 potentials 【试题解析】 本题考查低权利距离文化的优势。讲座中说到，在低权利距离的企业文化中，员工 可以有与老板不同的意见。他们可以越级，直接跟老板讨论问题，这是好的事情，员工的潜力可能得到很好地挖掘，故 potentials为答案。 【知识模块】 听力填空 8 【正确答案】 Austria 【
24、试题解析】 德国和奥地利是 “埃菲尔铁塔文化 ”的代表，属于低权力距离的文化。听录音过程中要多留意有关举例的信息，这也是常考点之一。 【知识模块】 听力填空 9 【正确答案】 cooperatively 【试题解析】 本题考查演讲人的建议。演讲人说，当两种或多种文化相遇时，肯定会出现冲突和 误解。在这种情形下，要重视并弄清楚这些冲突。同样，怎样使下属一起工作起来变得有效率及更具合作性也是很重要的。根据前面提到的efficiently，故可知道此处应填入 cooperatively。 【知识模块】 听力填空 10 【正确答案】 unstructured 【试题解析】 本题考查的是文中关键词汇，
25、uncertainty avoidance在文中反复出现，这提醒考生应重点记下与之相关的信息。根据讲座，对不确定因素的回避程度决定了某一文化的成员在无组织的情况下是否感觉舒服。 【知识模 块】 听力填空 11 【正确答案】 laws and rules 【试题解析】 讲座中提到，努力避免不确定因素的文化试图用严格的法律和规则、安全保障措施或者信仰绝对真理等哲学或宗教手段。来尽量减少这种情况的发生。因此答案为 laws and rules。 【知识模块】 听力填空 12 【正确答案】 absolute truth 【试题解析】 本题考查减少不确定性规避发生的方法。讲座提到，试图将不确定性规避发生
26、的可能性减少到最小的方法有：制定严格的法律法规，采取安全措施，在哲学和宗教层 面上信奉绝对真理，故本题填入 absolute truth。 【知识模块】 听力填空 13 【正确答案】 stability 【试题解析】 在不确定性回避程度较高的文化中，如日本和中国，人们更倾向于选择稳定的工作。本题需将 stable改写为名词形式 stability。 【知识模块】 听力填空 14 【正确答案】 mobility 【试题解析】 在大多数西方国家，人们对不确定性回避程度是较低的。在美国、丹麦和新加坡等国家，工作岗位的流动性很高。转折连接词 but后的信息是常设考点。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【
27、正确答案】 the rules 【试题解析】 本题考查针对不确定性规避的建议。演讲人认为不确定性规避的分歧源自于不同的基本社会意识形态，一个有能力的经理应该对设定在不同的不确定性规避之间的规则加以重视，所以本题答案为 the rules 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【听力原文】 Cross Cultural Business Presentations Good morning, everyone. Today, we will continue our discussion about cross cultural influence on business. Precisely, we
28、shall talk about cross cultural presentations. The international flavour of many peoples jobs naturally means that there is greater interaction between people from different cultures. Within the business environment, understanding and coping with intercultural differences between people is critical
29、to ensuring that interpersonal communication is successful. Intercultural awareness is necessary for two reasons. Firstly, it minimises the possibility of misunderstandings and/or the causing of offense through intercultural mishaps. Secondly, it is a means to maximising the potential of business re
30、lationships through the utilization of intercultural differences productively. One area within the business environment in which intercultural awareness is a necessity is in the business presentation. Directors, managers, salespeople, consultants and business personnel are regularly required to deli
31、ver presentations. However, when one is asked to give a presentation to an audience from a different culture there are intercultural factors that can hinder the success of a presentation. By way of illustrating some of the intercultural differences in presentations, I am going to offer eight tips to
32、 help with the effective cross cultural presentations. 1. Language. The language you use in a cross cultural presentation is important.1Although the majority of the language that is used in a cross cultural presentation will be understood by an English speaking foreign audience, a speaker must be ca
33、reful when it comes to slang, idioms or phrases. If an Englishman was to talk of being “knocked for six“ or “bowled over“ he may very well be met with puzzled expressions. More subtly, when an American talks of a “billion“ he means a thousand million, whereas in the UK this would mean a million mill
34、ion. Try and keep language simple. 2. Body Language. Pay attention to your body language in a cross cultural presentation.2Some cultures are quite animated and will appreciate hand gestures and the expression of emotion through the body.3Others expect speakers to remain calm and would find such beha
35、viour over the top. Similarly pay attention to the use of gestures. The thumbs up may mean “good“ in the USA but it means something very different in Iran.4Eye contact can also be a major intercultural difference. Some cultures consider strong eye contact a sign of sincerity, others find it overbear
36、ing and an invasion of privacy. Do your cross cultural homework before a presentation. 3. Time. Be aware of different approaches to time across cultures.5Some cultures prefer a structured, timetabled approach to conducting business affairs,6others are more casual. Countries where a start time is con
37、sidered a guide rather than a definite, allow time for networking or engaging in some chit chat until others arrive. Oppositely, if you arrive late to a meeting in a punctual culture, expect some negative feedback. Always show the appropriate stiffness or flexibility depending on the culture. 4. Emo
38、tions. Some cross cultural presentations may be in front of a small number of people and deal with sensitive issues in a pressured environment. In such intercultural situations one should always keep their emotions in check7In some cultures a certain amount of cross examination or scrutiny may occur
39、. If this happens bear in mind the positive intentions behind such actions, i.e. the questions are only being posed to establish facts, not to undermine you.8Never lose patience, show frustration or display anger. To do so will lead to a loss of credibility. 5. Style of Presentation. Different cultu
40、res learn and take in information in varying ways. One should always try and tailor their presentation style to meet the needs of the target culture.9Some cultures, such as Europeans, prefer information to be presented in detail and in a way that sets down foundations that act as the support to a fi
41、nal argument or point. In such a presentation the speaker should gradually lead the audience, using a logical succession of points, to a conclusion.10On the other hand, some cultures, like the US, prefer a much faster paced presentation that is bottom-line orientated, meaning the presenter speaks fr
42、om a point rather towards a point. 6.11Use of Technology. Power Point is not the default method of giving a presentation across the world. Some countries may not even have the technical capabilities to accommodate this so one would need to adapt to the resources at hand, whether it be an Over Head P
43、rojector or blackboard.12Some cultures do not even like a visual element in presentations and find much more worth in words and personality. 7. Content. In a cross cultural presentation, ensure you tailor the content of a presentation to the audience. Different cultures expect different things from
44、a business presentation.13Long term orientated cultures may be excited about future projections and figures,14but others would rather learn more about the presenters credentials, accomplishments and experience. A presenter needs to ask whether the target culture will appreciate factual, statistical
45、information presented visually, or a more personal oratory approach. 8. Audience Participation. Audiences react in different ways across cultures. Some are very engaging and are willing to participate in exercises and Q15a US one may clap when a good point is made and a Saudi one may do nothing at a
46、ll. Well, we all know that the number of areas where one could point to intercultural differences in presentations is vast, but for the sake of brevity I just highlighted the areas mentioned above as a way of drawing attention to some of the major ones. I hoped these can act as a foundation to impro
47、ving ones insight into the way intercultural differences manifest in the business environment. 【知识模块】 听力填空 16 【正确答案】 idioms 【试题解析】 虽然跨文化演说中所用的语言大部分都能被观众所理解，但是发言人在俚语、习语和词组等措辞方面还是要多加小心。题目缺少的是 idioms。 【知识模块】 听力填空 17 【正确答案】 appreciate 【试题解 析】 讲座在讲肢体语言方面的注意事项时提到，有些文化会欣赏发言人在演讲时做的手势和肢体语言，这里可以直接填入录音原词 appre
48、ciate。 【知识模块】 听力填空 18 【正确答案】 animated/emotional 【试题解析】 本题考查考生归纳与转换信息的能力。原文用肯定的句式讲述有些文化希望发言人保持平静。题目中的 less提示此处应填 calm的反面意思，结合上文可知这里填 animated或 emotional。 【知识模块】 听力填空 19 【正确答案】 Eye contact 【试题解析】 眼神交流是肢体语言的一部分，不同的文化对眼神交流有不同的看法。有些文化认为强烈的眼神代表着真诚，有些文化则认为这是对隐私的侵犯。这里应填 Eye contact。 【知识模块】 听力填空 20 【正确答案】 structured 【试题解析】 对于时间的看法，不同的文化也不一样，有些文化在进行商业交往时，更注重按时间表的秩序，井井有条地进行工作。这里填入 timetabled的并列词汇 structured。 【知识模块】 听力填空 21 【正确答案】 casual 【试题解析】 这里讲的是不同文化的时间观念差异：有些文化更喜欢计划好的既定的时间安排；而有些文化的时间观念却相对更加随意，此空可直接填入录音原词 casual。 【知识模块】 听力填空 22 【正确答案】 cross examination
