1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 219及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Evolution of the English Language I. LEXICON The vocabulary of English is immense and【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ The sequence of adopting n
3、ew vocabulary into English Latin wordsNorse words 【 T2】 _Greek and Latin 【 T2】 _ New ideas also created the need for new words 【 T3】 _: borrowed words from Latin for merchant-trading【 T3】 _ Government: borrowed words from French 【 T4】 _ bring in new words【 T4】 _ II. GRAMMAR The English case system w
4、as【 T5】 _ after Norman Conquest【 T5】 _ Grammar changes were much【 T6】 _than lexicon【 T6】 _ Invented in 17th century and borrowed Latin rules Standard English: universal rules of grammar Even Standard English rules do not remain【 T7】 _【 T7】 _ Example: it is now acceptable or necessary to a)end in a(n
5、)【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ b)begin with a coordinating conjunction c)use a(n)【 T9】 _ between the second to last item in a series【 T9】 _ III. SEMANTICS Dictionaries give meanings and a brief account of the words etymology Etymology helps us understand how the semantics【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ Example: a)“sinister“ used
6、 to mean “on the left“, today it means “【 T11】 _“【 T11】 _ b)“hot“ and “cool“ now describe temperature or being attractive or【 T12】 _【 T12】 _ IV.【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ Example of black English Features: a)elimination of “1“ sound and substitution of “w“ sound b)often drop【 T14】 _ at the end of words【 T14】
7、_ Reason: African-Americans applied【 T15】 _ rules of phonics【 T15】 _ to English words 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Will Chinese Replace English? Chinese language has many advantages over Europea
8、n languages and the speaker thinks Chinese is possible to replace English as the global language. I. Chinese is【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ Examples: a)A Chinese high-school student can read whats written 2,000 years ago b)A PhD. of native England can hardly read whats written【 T2】 _ ago【 T2】_ Reasons: a)Chinese
9、language: characters are true to their【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ b)European language: words are true to their pronunciations c)Pronunciations change over time but writings remain almost the same II. Chinese is more compatible Different kinds of Chinese, after years of changing, are still compatible Example: In
10、speaking, Mandarin and Cantonese are different, but they share the same【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ Different kinds of English are incompatible with each other Example: Americans are hard to understand【 T5】 _, etc.【 T5】 _ False pride of English people about “global language“ III. Written Chinese is more informati
11、ve Chinese characters carry【 T6】 _than any other language【 T6】 _ The entropy of languages: a)Chinese(9.65 bite) 【 T7】 _(4.35 bits)English(4.03 bits) 【 T7】 _ Spanish(4.01 bits)Fre nch(3.98 bits) b)Chinese uses only【 T8】 _pieces of paper to cover the content of【 T8】 _ a 100-page English novel IV. Chin
12、ese runs faster English students take【 T9】 _longer to read and to memorize time table【 T9】_ Reading Chinese is faster, because it is suitable for【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ Reading Chinese is【 T11】 _ faster than reading English【 T11】 _ V. Chinese is more【 T12】 _in face of information explosion【 T12】 _ 【 T13】 _
13、 will be a challenge【 T13】 _ New words in Chinese are not a problem because a)A Chinese new word contains two or three characters which imply its【 T14】 _【 T14】 _ b)A Chinese person【 T15】 _ in understanding the words【 T15】 _ he/she has never seen 16 【 T1】 17 【 T2】 18 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【 T5】 21 【 T6】
14、22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 28 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 219答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on A
15、NSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 【听力原文】 Evolution of the English Language
16、 Good morning, everyone. Today, we are going to talk about the evolution of the English language. As we all know, there are four major parts to every language system: lexicon, grammar, semantics, and phonology. When linguists study a language they are most concerned with these four systems. And toda
17、y we shall examine the English language in these four aspects. First of all, a languages lexicon is its vocabulary. This is the system that dictionaries are most concerned with.1The lexicon of the English language is immense and constantly growing. To better understand this, it is helpful to conside
18、r the history of the English language. English began as a Germanic dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. During the Roman Empire, many Latin words were adopted into the English language through Anglo-Saxon dealings with Romans. In CE 877, England was divided in half after the Viking invasions of the N
19、orsemen. Because of this, many Norse words were implemented into the English language.2The procurement of many French words occurred in a similar manner after the Norman Conquest. The English Renaissance of the 16th and 17th centuries sparked new ideas which created a need for new words; many words
20、were borrowed from Greek and Latin at that time. New ideas have most often created the need for new words.3The Anglo-Saxons of the 5th century were new to the concept of merchant-trading, so they borrowed Latin words for the things and concepts that were new to them. The same is true about religion
21、and government. When the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity, many Latin words were adopted. After the Norman Conquest, a change in the type of government required the implementation of many French words. Today, words like computer, internet, and search engine are common, but fifty years ago
22、 they were unheard-of concepts.4New ideas, advances in technology in this example, continue to require additions to the English vocabulary. Dictionaries must be frequently updated in order to remain reliable sources of Englishs lexicon. The second system, grammar, also evolved throughout history. A
23、change in grammar and sound structure occurred with the introduction of Norse.5The English case system was simplified in its dealings with the French after the Norman Conquest. In his essay, “Good English and Bad,“ Bill Bryson states: “One of the undoubted virtues of English is that it is a fluid la
24、nguage in which meanings change and shift in response to the pressures of common usage.“.6Grammar, like lexicon, has evolved when necessary. though it has done so at a much slower pace. English grammar was invented in the 17th century and involved placing the rules of Latin onto the English language
25、. Since then, many committees have been established in an effort to regulate English grammar and usage but were consistently unsuccessful. The notion that English should have universal rules of grammar led to the idea of Standard English. Standard English is the dialect of the English language that
26、is spoken by “educated people“ and based entirely on grammar. It is the form of English that is taught to foreign language students.7Although it would seem that such rules of grammar would remain consistent, one cannot depend on an outdated grammar book to be a reliable source. In elementary school
27、grammar courses, I was taught that it was grammatically incorrect to end a sentence with a preposition or begin one with a coordinating conjunction, and it was unnecessary to use a comma between the second to last item in a series and the coordinating conjunction that follows it.8/9Those rules have
28、all changed. Standard English now allows sentences to end in a preposition or begin with a coordinating conjunction, and the extra comma is necessary. Thirdly, about semantics. To study semantics is to study the meaning of words. Many dictionaries today not only give the current meaning of the word
29、but also include a brief abstract of the words etymology.10To understand how semantics evolves, it is helpful to look at the etymology of words in the English language.11In Middle English, “sinister“ meant “on the left“; today it means “evil“. In Old English, the word “sly“ meant “to strike or slay“
30、; today it means something “clever, mischievous, or sneaky“.12More recently, “hot“ can now be used to describe not only temperature but also a level of attractiveness; “cool“ also refers to temperature or a level of popularity, “hip“ can mean in style or refer to a body part. Around 1932, “hip“ was
31、commonly used as a verb transient that meant “to make aware“. 13The last system is phonology. To best describe the evolution of phonology, it is useful to consider Ebonics, or black English. Some of the characteristics of Ebonics are the elimination of the sound “1“ makes in the middle of a word and
32、 the substitution of a “w“ sound when a word ends in “1“.14Black English words often drop the consonants at the end of words, especially if the word ends in two consonants. The reason for these differences in the phonology of Standard English and that of Black English is due to ancestry.15African-Am
33、ericans, whose native language was African, applied many of their rules of phonics to English words. Likewise, many words in Japanese language are simply English words with vowels between each of the consonants. Theyve taken our word for something that is a new idea to them and applied their rules o
34、f phonics to the word. OK. Let me recap what we have talked about today. The four major parts to every language system are lexicon, grammar, semantics, and phonology, and weve seen how they have evolved in the English language based upon the needs of those who use it. Therefore, it is reasonable to
35、conclude that language is shaped by change. To examine how language shapes change, it is important to consider how language is used between those who use it. 【知识模块】 听力填空 1 【正确答案】 (constantly)growing/(constantly)increasing 【试题解析】 本题考查英语词汇的特征。讲座中提到英语的词汇量大而且不断增加。这里可填 (constantly)growing/increasing。 【知识
36、模块】 听力填空 2 【正确答案】 French words 【试题解析】 本题要求考生填出英语 词汇受到其他语言影响的顺序，这需要考生在理解的基础上综合上下文的顺序来作答。讲座是按历史顺序描述拉丁语、古代斯堪的纳维亚语、法语和希腊语对英语的影响。故填 French words。 【知识模块】 听力填空 3 【正确答案】 Anglo-Saxons 【试题解析】 讲座列举了安格鲁撒克逊人和政府两个例子加以说明新思想带动了对新词汇的需求。在 5世纪时期，安格鲁撒克逊人接触批发贸易，并引进描述这一领域的相关词汇。结合题目这里应填 Anglo-Saxons。 【知识模块】 听力填空 4 【正 确答案】
37、 Advances in technology 【试题解析】 讲座以 computer、 Internet和 search engine这些词为例，说明了技术领域的新思想和新发展也会推动英语词汇的增加和发展，故本题可填入Advances in technology。 【知识模块】 听力填空 5 【正确答案】 simplified 【试题解析】 讲座提到语法也是会随着历史变迁而发展的，诺曼征服英格兰之后，在与法国人的交易来往中，英语语法中的词格有所简化，因此本题答案为simplified。 【知识模块】 听力填空 6 【正确答案】 slower 【试题解析】 本题可从原文 at a much s
38、lower pace获取答案，讲座中提到语法与词汇都因需求而发生了演变，但语法的演变速度比词汇慢。对比关系是常设考点。 【知识模块】 听力填空 7 【正确答案】 consistent unchanged constant 【试题解析】 本题考查考生综合理解信息的能力。讲座中提到， “尽管看上去语法一成不变，但是我们不能把过时的语法书当作可靠的参考来源 ”，意思指语法不是一成不变的。因此这里填 consistent、 unchanged或 constant均可。 【知识模块】 听力填空 8 【正确答案】 preposition 【试题解析】 演讲者在讲语法规则会发生变化时举了其亲身见证的三个实例
39、，其一是以前小学的语法课讲句子不能用介词结尾，而根据现在的标准英语语法，句子是可以用介词结尾的，因此这里填 preposition。 【知识模块】 听力填空 9 【正确答案】 comma 【试题解析】 讲座举了三个语法规则已发生改变的例子。本题是例子之一，即 逗号的用法。在罗列多种事物时，第二项到最后一项之间可用逗号隔开。 【知识模块】 听力填空 10 【正确答案】 evolve 【试题解析】 在讲语义学时讲座提到，要想知道语义学如何发展，可以去看一下单词的词源 (etymology)，即词源 (学 )可以帮助我们了解语义学的发展，故这里填evolve。 【知识模块】 听力填空 11 【正确答
40、案】 evil 【试题解析】 本题考查考生对细节信息的把握。讲座中举了几个语义已发生了变化的词汇。 sinister在过去指的是 “左边 ”，现在指 “邪 恶的 ”。例子是常见考点，记笔记时不能忽略。 【知识模块】 听力填空 12 【正确答案】 popular 【试题解析】 本题和上题一样，考查 hot和 cool的语义。两者不仅用于描述天气，还可以指 “吸引人的 ”或 “受欢迎的 ”。这里需将 popularity改写为 popular。 【知识模块】 听力填空 13 【正确答案】 PHONOLOGY 【试题解析】 讲座介绍的最后一个是语言的语音体系，因此本题答案应为PHONOLOGY。本空
41、应与提纲其他要点一样，注意该单词的所有字母都要大写。 【知识模块】 听力填空 14 【正确答案】 consonants 【试题解析】 本题考查黑人英语的语音特征。黑人英语通常会把词尾的辅音忽略，词尾有两个辅音尤甚。因此这里填 consonants。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【正确答案】 African/their 【试题解析】 非裔美国人会有以上发音特点是因为他们把非洲的发音规则运用到英语单词上。原文是用 their rules ofphonics，意思就是非洲的发音规则。故填African或 their均可。 【知识模 块】 听力填空 15 【听力原文】 Will Chinese Re
42、place English? Good morning everyone. Today, we are going to talk about the possibilities of Chinese taking the place of English as the global language. As we all know, Chinese has been widely used in East Asia for thousands of years. It was supposed to be the leading global language, but an acciden
43、t happened. English quite by chance took its place. Will Chinese seize the place? For me, I would say it is possible! Because Chinese has many advantages over European languages including English. Let me share my reasons with you. 1First of all, Chinese, especially Chinese characters, is more stable
44、 than European languages. An average student of higher schools in China can easily read the books, say The Analects, which were written 2000 years ago.2But a Ph.D. of native England can hardly read the books their ancestor wrote 500 years ago. In China, a pupil of primary school can easily read The
45、Romance of Three Kingdoms which was written more than 600 years ago.3Because Chinese is an ideographic language in which the characters are generally true to their ideas while European languages including English are phonetic languages in which the words should be principally true to their pronuncia
46、tions. For hundreds of years the pronunciation changed, as a result words of English changed; but characters of Chinese remained almost the same. In the next five hundred years, God alone knows what English will become. But Chinese, I predict confidently, will not change so much, especially its writ
47、ing. Next in order, Chinese is more compatible especially the writing Chinese. Some experts in the ISO(international standard organization)classify Chinese as a language family which contains Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese Chinese, Minnan Chinese, Wu Chinese etc. In the speaking sense its definitely ri
48、ght, but in writing sense its absolutely wrong. We should admit that the difference between Mandarin and Cantonese is greater than that between English and German.4But that is just in speaking. In writing they are almost the same. No matter what kind of Chinese you speak, you can easily communicate with others by writing, because all kinds of Chinese are compatible in the way of using Chinese characters. So Chinese should be identified as one language. But English is different.5Although English is considered as one
