1、专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷 160及答案与解析 SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 0 (1) O
2、ne of these, concerning which I have said little, is the escaped convict (囚犯 ) upon the moor (沼泽 ). There is strong reason now to believe that he has got right away, which is a considerable relief to the lonely householders of this district. A fortnight (两星期 ) has passed since his flight, during whi
3、ch he has not been seen and nothing has been heard of him. It is surely inconceivable that he could have held out upon the moor during all that time. Of course, so far as his concealment goes there is no difficulty at all. Any one of these stone huts would give him a hiding-place. But there is nothi
4、ng to eat unless he were to catch and slaughter one of the moor sheep. We think, therefore, that he has gone, and the outlying farmers sleep the better in consequence. (2) We are four able-bodied men in this household, so that we could take good care of ourselves, but I confess that I have had uneas
5、y moments when I have thought of the Stapletons. They live miles from any help. There are one maid, an old manservant, the sister, and the brother, the latter not a very strong man. They would be helpless in the hands of a desperate fellow like this Notting Hill criminal, if he could once effect an
6、entrance. Both Sir Henry and I were concerned at their situation, and it was suggested that Perkins the groom (马夫 ) should go over to sleep there, but Stapleton would not hear of it. (3) The fact is that our friend, the baronet (准男爵 ) , begins to display a considerable interest in our fair neighbour
7、. It is not to be wondered at, for time hangs heavily in this lonely spot to an active man like him, and she is a very fascinating and beautiful woman. There is something tropical and exotic about her which forms a singular contrast to her cool and unemotional brother. Yet he also gives the idea of
8、hidden fires. He has certainly a very marked influence over her, for I have seen her continually glance at him as she talked as if seeking approbation for what she said. I trust that he is kind to her. There is a dry glitter in his eyes, and a firm set of his thin lips, which goes with a positive an
9、d possibly a harsh nature. You would find him an interesting study. (4) He came over to call upon Baskerville on that first day, and the very next morning he took us both to show us the spot where the legend of the wicked Hugo is supposed to have had its origin. It was an excursion of some miles acr
10、oss the moor to a place which is so dismal that it might have suggested the story. We found a short valley between rugged tors (石山 ) which led to an open, grassy space flecked over with the white cotton grass. In the middle of it rose two great stones, worn and sharpened at the upper end, until they
11、 looked like the huge corroding fangs (尖牙 ) of some monstrous beast. In every way it corresponded with the scene of the old tragedy. Sir Henry was much interested and asked Stapleton more than once whether he did really believe in the possibility of the interference of the supernatural in the affair
12、s of men. He spoke lightly, but it was evident that he was very much in earnest. Stapleton was guarded in his replies, but it was easy to see that he said less than he might, and that he would not express his whole opinion out of consideration for the feelings of the baronet. He told us of similar c
13、ases, where families had suffered from some evil influence, and he left us with the impression that he shared the popular view upon the matter. (5) On our way back we stayed for lunch at Merripit House, and it was there that Sir Henry made the acquaintance of Miss Stapleton. From the first moment th
14、at he saw her he appeared to be strongly attracted by her, and I am much mistaken if the feeling was not mutual. He referred to her again and again on our walk home, and since then hardly a day has passed that we have not seen something of the brother and sister. They dine here tonight, and there is
15、 some talk of our going to them next week. One would imagine that such a match would be very welcome to Stapleton, and yet I have more than once caught a look of the strongest disapprobation in his face when Sir Henry has been paying some attention to his sister. He is much attached to her, no doubt
16、, and would lead a lonely life without her, but it would seem the height of selfishness if he were to stand in the way of her making so brilliant a marriage. Yet I am certain that he does not wish their intimacy to ripen into love, and I have several times observed that he has taken pains to prevent
17、 them from being tete-a-tete (两人间的私下谈话 ). By the way, your instructions to me never to allow Sir Henry to go out alone will become very much more onerous (艰巨的 ) if a love affair were to be added to our other difficulties. My popularity would soon suffer if I were to carry out your orders to the lett
18、er. (6) The other day Thursday, to be more exact Dr. Mortimer lunched with us. He has been excavating a barrow at Long Down, and has got a prehistoric skull which fills him with great joy. Never was there such a single-minded enthusiast as he! The Stapletons came in afterwards, and the good doctor t
19、ook us all to the Yew Alley, at Sir Henrys request, to show us exactly how everything occurred upon that fatal night. It is a long, dismal walk, the Yew Alley, between two high walls of clipped hedge, with a narrow band of grass upon either side. At the far end is an old tumble-down (摇摇欲坠的 ) summer-
20、house. Half-way down is the moor-gate, where the old gentleman left his cigar-ash. It is a white wooden gate with a latch. Beyond it lies the wide moor. I remembered your theory of the affair and tried to picture all that had occurred. As the old man stood there he saw something coming across the mo
21、or, something which terrified him so that he lost his wits, and ran and ran until he died of sheer horror and exhaustion. 1 It can be inferred from Para. 1 that the escaped convict_. （ A） is believed to stay on the moor （ B） has not been seen by anyone （ C） is good at hiding himself （ D） caught a mo
22、or sheep to eat 2 According to Para. 2, the author was worried about the Stapletons safety because_. （ A） four strong and violent people lodged with the family （ B） the family lived far away only with several neighbors nearby （ C） both men in the family were either elderly or weak （ D） the brother r
23、efused the suggestion on sending one servant there 3 Which of the following statements contains a simile? （ A） .a desperate fellow like this Notting Hill criminal. (Para. 2) （ B） .they looked like the huge corroding fangs. (Para. 4) （ C） Never was there such a single-minded enthusiast as he! (Para.
24、6) （ D） As the old man stood there he saw something. (Para. 6) 4 What does the word “approbation“ in Para. 3 mean? （ A） Approval. （ B） Apparel. （ C） Appraisal. （ D） Apprehension. 5 It can be concluded from Para. 5 that Stapleton was_to the romance between his sister and Sir Henry. （ A） neutral （ B）
25、indifferent （ C） supportive （ D） opposed 5 (1) Some people describe Darwinian evolution as “only a theory“. Try explaining that to the friends and relatives of the 700,000 people killed each year by drug-resistant infections. Resistance to antimicrobial (抗菌的 ) medicines, such as antibiotics (抗生素 ) a
26、nd antimalarials (抗疟疾药 ), is caused by the survival of the fittest. Unfortunately, fit microbes mean unfit human beings. Drug-resistance is not only one of the clearest examples of evolution in action, it is also the one with the biggest immediate human cost. And it is getting worse. Stretching toda
27、ys trends out to 2050, the 700,000 deaths could reach 10m. (2) Cynics might be forgiven for thinking that they have heard this argument before. People have fretted about resistance since antibiotics began being used in large quantities during the late 1940s. Their conclusion that bacterial diseases
28、might again become epidemic as a result has proved false and will remain so. That is because the decline of common 19th-century infections such as tuberculosis (结核病 ) and cholera (霍乱 ) was thanks to better housing, drains and clean water, not penicillin (青霉素 ). (3) The real danger is more subtle but
29、 grave nonetheless. The fact that improvements in public health like those the Victorians pioneered should eventually drive down tuberculosis rates in India hardly makes up for the loss of 60,000 newborn children every year to drug-resistant infections. Wherever there is endemic infection, there is
30、resistance to its treatment. This is true in the rich world, too. Drug-resistant versions of organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (金黄色葡萄球菌 ) are increasing the risk of post-operative infection. The day could come when elective surgery is unwise and organ transplants, which stop rejection with imm
31、unosuppression (免疫抑制 ) , are downright dangerous. Imagine that everyone in the tropics was vulnerable once again to malaria and that every pin prick could lead to a fatal infection. It is old diseases, not new ones, that need to be feared. Common failings (4) The spread of resistance is an example o
32、f the tragedy of the commons (公地悲剧 ); the costs of what is being lost are not seen by the people who are responsible. You keep cattle? Add antibiotics to their feed to enhance growth. The cost in terms of increased resistance is borne by society as a whole. You have a sore throat? Take antibiotics i
33、n case it is bacterial. If it is viral, and hence untreatable by drugs, no harm done except to someone else who later catches a resistant infection. (5) The lack of an incentive to do the right thing is hard to correct. In some health-care systems, doctors are rewarded for writing prescriptions (药方
34、). Patients suffer no immediate harm when they neglect to complete drug courses after their symptoms have cleared up, leaving the most drug-resistant bugs alive. Because many people mistakenly believe that human beings, not bacteria, develop resistance, they do not realise that they are doing anythi
35、ng wrong. (6) If you cannot easily change behaviour, can you create new drugs instead? Perversely, the market fails here, too. Doctors want to save the best drugs for the hardest cases that are resistant to everything else. It makes no sense to prescribe an expensive patented medicine for the sniffl
36、es when something that costs cents will do the job. (7) Reserving new drugs for emergencies is sensible public policy. But it keeps sales low, and therefore discourages drug firms from research and development. Artemisinin (青蒿素 ), a malaria treatment which has replaced earlier therapies to which the
37、 parasite became resistant and which now faces resistance problems itself was brought to the world not by a Western pharmaceutical company, but by Chinese academics. Sugar the pill (8) Because antimicrobial resistance has no single solution, it must be fought on many fronts. Start with consumption.
38、The use of antibiotics to accelerate growth in farm animals can be banned by agriculture ministries, as it has in the European Union. All the better if governments jointly agree to enforce such rules widely. In both people and animals, policy should be to vaccinate more so as to stop infections befo
39、re they start. That should appeal to cash-strapped (资金短缺的 ) health systems, because prophylaxis is cheaper than treatment. By the same logic, hospitals and other breeding grounds for resistant bugs should prevent infections by practising better hygiene. Governments should educate the public about ho
40、w antibiotics work and how they can help halt the spread of resistance. Such policies cannot reverse the tragedy of the commons, but they can make it a lot less tragic. (9) Policy can also sharpen the incentives to innovate. In a declaration in January, 85 pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies ple
41、dged to act against drug resistance. The small print reveals that the declaration is, in part, a plea for money. But it also recognises the need for “new commercial models“ to encourage innovation by decoupling payments from sales. (10) That thought is taken up this week in the last of a series of r
42、eports commissioned by the British government and the Wellcome Trust, a medical charity. Among the many recommendations from its author, Jim ONeill, an economist, is the payment of what he calls “ market-entry rewards“ to firms that shepherd new antibiotics to the point of usability. This would guar
43、antee prizes of $ 800m -1.3 billion for new drugs, on top of revenues from sales. (11) Another of Lord ONeills suggestions is to expand a basic-research fund set up by the British and Chinese governments in order to sponsor the development of cheap diagnostic techniques. If doctors could tell instan
44、taneously whether an infection was viral or bacterial, they would no longer be tempted to administer antibiotics just in case. If they knew which antibiotics would eradicate an infection, they could avoid prescribing a drug that suffers from partial resistance, and thereby limit the further selectio
45、n of resistant strains (耐药菌株 ). (12) Combining policies to accomplish many things at once demands political leadership, but recent global campaigns against HIV/AIDS and malaria show that it is possible. Enough time has been wasted issuing warnings about antibiotic resistance. The moment has come to
46、do something about it. 6 What is the purpose of the first paragraph? （ A） To make a brief introduction of Darwinian evolution. （ B） To illustrate the theory of the survival of the fittest. （ C） To show the grave consequence of drug-resistant infections. （ D） To predict the number of people killed by
47、 drug-resistant infections. 7 In the 19th century, all the following aspects had an effect on treating tuberculosis and cholera EXCEPT_. （ A） living environment （ B） drainage system （ C） the cleanliness of water （ D） antibiotic drug 8 What does the word “prophylaxis“ in Para. 8 mean? （ A） Prevention
48、. （ B） Predicament. （ C） Recovery. （ D） Physiotherapy. 9 As to the idea of adopting “new commercial models“ to encourage innovation, Jim ONeills attitude was_. （ A） opposed （ B） supportive （ C） skeptical （ D） neutral 9 (1) London may be Europes commercial capital, but not all Britons are thrilled ab
49、out that. In a poll conducted in 2014, two-thirds of non-Londoners reckoned mat London had a positive impact on the British economy as a whole, but fewer man a third thought Londons strength was good for their city. London lures skilled workers and productive companies away from other parts of Britain. It also lures workers and firms from across Europe something that makes many Britons, both in London and beyond, bristle. Indeed, Londons mop-topped (卷发的 ) mayor, Boris Johnson, this week joined the campaign to persuade Britons to withdraw
