1、专业英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷 148及答案与解析 SECTION A In this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 0 Were always being told by the Department of Health to
2、 eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day. But its not clear where the evidence for this comes from and a large study by the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition(EPIC)two years ago of the dietary intake of more than 400, 000 people found only a weak link between eating
3、 fruit and vegetables and a reduction in overall cancer risk. Theres no evidence it reduces breast or prostate cancer. Even so, how could anyone argue against eating more fruit and vegetables? Well, it depends what fruit youre eating. A review article in the Canadian Medical Association Journal warn
4、s that a chemical in grapefruits can interact fatally with certain medicines. Even apple juice, the staple of many breakfast tables, may reduce our absorption of some drugs. Parents also often think fruit juice is a healthy alternative to soda drinks but juices contain sugar and calories too as much
5、 as a glass of Coke(160 calories) so should be drunk in moderation. Grapefruit has also been linked to an increase in breast cancer. A study in the British Journal of Cancer(BJC)of 500, 000 postmenopausal women found that eating a quarter of the fruit a day increased the risk by 30%. There is one go
6、od reason for not eating grapefruits they taste sour. But they are unlikely to increase your risk of breast cancer: further research in the BJC showed no increase of breast cancer in pre- or post-menopausal women who tuck into grapefruits or drink juice. Grapefruit contains a type of chemical called
7、 furanocoumarin(also found in Seville oranges and limes but not Valencia or other sweet oranges), which, by inhibiting the enzyme CYP3A4, stops the breakdown of some prescription drugs. So the concentrations of these drugs rise and can have serious side-effects, including kidney damage, heart block(
8、where no electrical impulses pass through the heart and it can stop beating), and deep vein thrombosis(which occurred when an oral contraceptive was taken by a woman who also ate grapefruit three days in a row). Patient information leaflets should tell you what foods to avoid with which drugs. If in
9、 doubt, ask your doctor. So you dont need to eat less fruit, and may still need to eat more. Another paper from the EPIC study found a 22% reduction in deaths from heart attacks in people who ate eight portions of fruit and vegetables a day compared to those who ate three or fewer. The way the study
10、 is designed, however, means that it can only suggest a link it cant prove one. 1 EPIC conducted a research two years ago to_. （ A） prove that people should eat five portions of fruit a day （ B） find a way to reduce the overall cancer risk （ C） make sure the right amount of fruit eaten every day （ D
11、） investigate the relation between eating fruit and reducing cancer risk 2 In parents opinion, fruit juice_. （ A） should not be drunk with drugs （ B） should be healthier than soda drinks （ C） may also cause weight gain （ D） could be drunk as much as the child like 3 The effect of the chemical in gra
12、pefruit on certain medicine might NOT lead to_. （ A） breast cancer （ B） kidney damage （ C） heart block （ D） deep vein thrombosis 3 Im a 50-something male, the father of two mostly grown girls. Im happy to say that both my parents are still kicking. Im on good terms with my brothers and sisters most
13、of the time. I am blessed with good friends and other relations, and tend to get on well with my co-workers. I am fortunate in so many ways, but feel like I consistently disappoint everyone I know. I cannot, for the life of me, give a genuine compliment. It simply doesnt come naturally. When I try,
14、and I do, in order to maintain all the aforementioned relationships, it feels forced, more a matter of obligation than a gift that might put wind in the sa Is of someone I truly care for. I feel strongly that giving should spring from joy, or at least from a heartfelt desire to see the recipient enl
15、ivened by it. When I have nothing to offer in response to a job well done, or I cant cite the intrinsic value of those I love, everyone loses. I feel like Ive warped the emotional and social development of my children, alienated any number of perfectly wonderful lovers, and generally kept the world
16、at arms length. I can recall certain compliments given to me through the years. Some of them made all the differences, whether in attaining some goal or simply affording me an elevated sense of self and my rightful place in the world. The value of timely acknowledgment is obvious. After years of psy
17、chotherapy and the obsessive self-examination endemic to my generation, I believe I know where this stinginess of spirit comes from. Six kids in total, at a very tender age, there were five younger, cuter kids standing between me and the object of our affection. Mama was driven to distraction, to pu
18、t it mildly, by the demands placed on her, but it was the 1950s and she set a selfless and hardy example. I had complete sympathy for her difficult situation, even at the time. The fact remains, however, that, as a young child, I needed more than I got. I thirsted for my mothers attention. I needed
19、to know that she valued me as more than her helper, her strong little man. I clearly recall, at the ripe old age of 7, coming to the conclusion that I would never get it. “Thats OK, “ I reckoned, “I can get by without it“, “it“ being her love. You can imagine the sibling rivalry in all its permutati
20、ons. Eventually I took haven in the written word to get away from it. But even before I learned to read, I had realized that giving any sign of approval or encouragement to my brothers and sisters could only serve to increase the gulf between me and my mom. Does that make sense? I can rationalize ot
21、herwise, of course, and now were all “one big happy family“, but the damage is done. I want to be gracious and giving, but when I even think to reach into that purse, however, its pretty much empty. 4 Which of the following may NOT describe the character of the authors mother? （ A） Expressive. （ B）
22、Unselfish. （ C） Realistic. （ D） Tough. 5 The authors experiences during the childhood indicate all of the following EXCEPT that （ A） the author is the first child of the family （ B） his family led a very hard life （ C） his mother gave less attention to him （ D） his mother treated him as more than an
23、 assistant 6 From the passage, we can draw a conclusion that_. （ A） family has a deep influence on a person （ B） compliments are very important to a person （ C） one should treasure the relationship with others （ D） when facing tough time, one should never give up 6 In an effort to sustain commercial
24、 and recreational fishing for the next several decades, the United States this year will become the first country to impose catch limits for every species it manages, from Alaskan pollock(till)to Caribbean queen conch(海螺 ). Although the policy has attracted scant attention outside the community of t
25、hose who fish in America and the officials who regulate them, it marks an important shift in a pursuit that has helped define the country since its founding. Catch limits are intended to protect the 528 species in federally managed fisheries. Unlike most recent environmental policy debates, which ha
26、ve divided neatly along party lines, this one is about a policy that was forged under President George W. Bush and finalized with President Obamas backing. “Its something thats arguably first in the world, “ said Eric Schwaab, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations assistant administra
27、tor for fisheries. “ Its a huge accomplishment for the country. “ Five years ago, Bush signed a reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, which dates to the mid-1970s and governs all fishing in U. S. waters. A bipartisan coalition of lawmakers joined environmental groups, some fishing interests a
28、nd scientists to insert language in the law requiring each fishery to have annual catch limits in place by the end of 2011 to end overfishing. Although NOAA didnt meet the laws Dec. 31 deadline it has finalized 40 of the 46 fishery management plans that cover all federally managed stocks officials s
29、aid they are confident that they will have annual catch limits in place by the time the 2012 fishing year begins for all species.(The timing varies depending on the fish, with some seasons starting May 1 or later.)Some fish, such as mahi-mahi(海豚鱼 )and the prize game fish wahoo(刺鲅 )in the southeast A
30、tlantic, will have catch limits for the first time. Until recently the nations regional management councils, which write the rules for the 528 fish stocks under the federal governments jurisdiction, regularly flouted scientific advice and authorized more fishing than could be sustained, according to
31、 scientists. Joshua Reichert, managing director of the Pew Environment Group, said the laws ban on overfishing forced fishery managers to impose limits that some commercial and recreational fishers had resisted for years. “This simple but enormously powerful provision had eluded lawmakers for years
32、and is probably the most important conservation statute ever enacted into Americas fisheries law, “ Reichert said. And unlike many environmental regulations, which are written and enforced by Washington officials, the fishing limits were established by regional councils representing a mix of local i
33、nterests. “Because the final decisions were left on the local level, you have a higher assurance of success, “ said James L. Connaughton, who helped prepare the reauthorization bill while chairing the White House Council on Environmental Quality. “If it had been imposed in Washington, wed still be s
34、tuck in 10 years of litigation. “ But the changes have not come without a fight, and an array of critics are seeking to undo them. Some commercial and recreational operators, along with their congressional allies, argue that regulators lack the scientific data to justify the restrictions. And they s
35、uggest that the ambitious goals the law prescribes, including a mandate to rebuild any depleted fish stock within a decade, are arbitrary and rigid. 7 Which of the following statements about “catch limit policy“ is CORRECT? （ A） It has attracted the attention of the whole society. （ B） It has led to
36、 opposite opinions held by lawmakers from different parties. （ C） It sets limits on the fishery of all federally managed stocks. （ D） All the catch limits have been finalized by the end of the year 2011. 8 It can be inferred from the passage that_. （ A） U. S. is an innovator in fishery regulation by
37、 setting a universal catch limit （ B） the Magnuson-Stevens Act is invalid for the time being （ C） U. S. has precedents in the process of formulating fishery limits （ D） the regional management councils were ignoring the sustainability of fishery before 8 I have an uncle who was for years a Chicago p
38、ublic school teacher. Passionate and articulate about his subject, biology, Arnie cared a great deal about whether the kids learned in his class. But heres the disturbing thing he recalls about his career; In the years that his classes were filled with kids from poor, broken homes who didnt eat or s
39、leep with any regularity, he worried that he wasnt nearly as effective as he wanted to be. He reached some of the kids, sometimes, with some material, but not enough to his liking, no matter what he did or how hard he tried. When he changed schools and suddenly was teaching Kids from middle-class fa
40、milies who valued education, he instantly became a brilliant teacher. His students progressed at a fast clip, and everything he did seemed to work. What some school reformers seem to forget is that the kids circumstances outside school affect their class performance: how much they eat, how much they
41、 sleep, how many words they heard when they were young, how many books were made available to them, the abilities and the disabilities with which they were born, etc. What happens in the classroom is incredibly powerful, but it is not the only thing that matters. This is why it was so disheartening
42、to hear President Obama wade into a debate about last weeks firing of all of the educators at Central Falls High School in Rhode Island. The firings by the Central Falls school trustees made big headlines, not because reconstituting a school is new, but perhaps because it is the only school in the s
43、tates poorest and smallest city, and because it was not reported as being the consequence of years of calculated efforts to fix the school(even if it was). Education Secretary Arne Duncan immediately applauded the move, saying the committee members were “showing courage and doing the right thing for
44、 kids.“ And today, Obama felt the need to jump in, saying in a speech; “So if a school is struggling, we have to work with the principal and the teachers to find a solution. Weve got to give them a chance to make meaningful improvements. But if a school continues to fail its students year after year
45、 after year, if it doesnt show signs of improvement, then theres got to be a sense of accountability.“ “And thats what happened in Rhode Island last week at a chronically troubled school, when just 7 percent of 11th graders passed state math tests 7 percent. When a school board wasnt able to deliver
46、 change by other means, they voted to lay off the faculty and the staff. As my Education Secretary Arne Duncan, says, our kids get only one chance at an education, and we need to get it right. “ One thing that Obama got right; the school board wasnt able to deliver change, but, unfortunately, the sc
47、hool board didnt fire itself. It fired all the administrators and teachers, as if they were the only things responsible for student failure. I wish someone would tell Obama the truth about school restructuring. 9 According to the author, why did the firings in the Central Falls school arouse so much
48、 attention? （ A） Because the school has never tried to enhance its situation. （ B） Because the school was located in a poor area. （ C） Because Obama attended a debate on the firings. （ D） Because the school would not be shut down. 10 The author disagreed with Obama that_. （ A） the school failed to m
49、ake meaningful improvement （ B） the school had made great effort to fix itself （ C） the faculty totally accounted for the failure of the students （ D） the school board wasnt able to deliver a change SECTION B In this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with No more than TEN words in the space provided. 11 PASSAGE ONE 11 Whats the authors opinion about eating fruit in the last paragraph? 12 PASSAGE TWO 12 Whats the major probl
