1、专业英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷 172及答案与解析 SECTION A In this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. 0 (1) A few months ago I was nominated for Governor of
2、the great state of New York, to run against Mr. John T. Smith and Mr. Blank J. Blank on an independent ticket. I somehow felt that I had one prominent advantage over these gentlemen, and that wasgood character. It was easy to see by the newspapers that if ever they had known what it was to bear a go
3、od name, that time had gone by. It was plain that in these latter years they had become familiar with all manner of shameful crimes. But at the very moment that I was exalting my advantage and joying in it in secret, there was a muddy undercurrent of discomfort “riling“ the deeps of my happiness and
4、 that was the having to hear my name bandied about in familiar connection with those of such people. (2) But, after all, I could not recede. I was fully committed, and must go on with the fight. As I was looking listlessly over the papers at breakfast I came across this paragraph, and I may truly sa
5、y I never was so confounded before: (3) PERJURY. Perhaps, now that Mr. Mark Twain is before the people as a candidate for Governor, he will condescend to explain how he came to be convicted of perjury by thirty-four witnesses in Wakawak, Cochin China, in 1863, the intent of which perjury being to ro
6、b a poor native widow and her helpless family of a meager plantain-patch, their only stay and support in their bereavement and desolation. Mr. Twain owes it to himself, as well as to the great people whose suffrages he asks, to clear this matter up. Will he do it? (4) I thought I should burst with a
7、mazement! Such a cruel, heartless charge! I never had seen Cochin China! I never had heard of Wakawak! I didnt know a plantain-patch from a kangaroo! I did not know what to do. I was crazed and helpless. I let the day slip away without doing anything at all. (5)Mem. During the rest of the campaign t
8、his paper never referred to me in any other way than as “ the infamous perjurer Twain. “ (6) Next came the Gazette, with this: (7) WANTED TO KNOW. Will the new candidate for Governor deign to explain to certain of his fellow-citizens (who are suffering to vote for him!) the little circumstance of hi
9、s cabin-mates in Montana losing small valuables from time to time, until at last, these things having been invariably found on Mr. Twains person or in his “trunk“ (newspaper he rolled his traps in), they felt compelled to give him a friendly admonition for his own good, and so tarred and feathered h
10、im, and rode him on a rail; and then advised him to leave a permanent vacuum in the place he usually occupied in the camp. Will he do this? (8) Could anything be more deliberately malicious than that? For I never was in Montana in my life. (9)After this, this journal customarily spoke of me as, “Twa
11、in, the Montana Thief. “ (10)I got to picking up papers apprehensively much as one would lift a desired blanket which he had some idea might have a rattlesnake under it. (11) By this time anonymous letters were getting to be an important part of my mail matter. This form was common: (12) How about t
12、hat old woman you kiked of your premises which was begging. POL. PRY. (13) Shortly the principal Republican journal “ convicted“ me of wholesale bribery, and the leading Democratic paper “nailed“ an aggravated case of blackmailing to me. (14)In this way I acquired two additional names: “Twain the Fi
13、lthy Corruptionist“ and “Twain the Loathsome Embracer. “ (15) There was no possible way of getting out of it, and so, in deep humiliation, I set about preparing to “answer“ a mass of baseless charges and mean and wicked falsehoods. But I never finished the task, for the very next morning a paper cam
14、e out with a new horror, a fresh malignity and seriously charged me with burning a lunatic asylum with all its inmates, because it obstructed the view from my house. This threw me into a sort of panic. And at last, as a due and fitting climax to the shameless persecution that party rancor had inflic
15、ted upon me, nine little toddling children, of all shades of color and degrees of raggedness, were taught to rush onto the platform at a public meeting, and clasp me around the legs and call me PA! (16) I gave up. I hauled down my colors and surrendered. I was not equal to the requirements of a Gube
16、rnatorial campaign in the state of New York, and so I sent in my withdrawal from the candidacy, and in bitterness of spirit signed it, “Truly yours,“ once a decent man, but now “MARK TWAIN, LP., M. T., B. S., D. T., F. C., and L. E. “ 1 According to Para. 1, Twain felt uncomfortable probably because
17、_. （ A） he was afraid that his good fame would be blackened （ B） he felt reluctant to associate with the evil people （ C） It brought no honor to the victor in an unequal contest （ D） It was too late to recede from a problematic competition 2 The Gazatte accused Twain of_. （ A） throwing away his frie
18、nds belongings （ B） making a practical joke of his enemies （ C） stealing and hiding a mates precious stuff （ D） occupying the camp of another person 3 To injure Twains reputation, his rivals tried all the following EXCEPT_. （ A） media disinformation （ B） letters of false accusation （ C） anonymous bl
19、ackmails （ D） humiliation in public 3 (1) Most adults in the U. S. who screen positive for depression are not being treated for depression, according to results from Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys (MEPS). (2) “With the recent increase in prescribing of antidepressant medications, many physicians
20、might assume that undertreatment of depression is no longer a widespread problem,“ Dr. Mark Olfson from College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute in New York City told Reuters Health by email. “This study makes clear, however, that most Amer
21、ican adults who screen positive for depression receive no treatment for their symptoms. “ (3) Surveys from the early 2000s show that about half of U. S. adults with a lifetime medical history of major depressive disorder had never received treatment for depression. Still, little is known about the e
22、xtent to which adults with depression in the U. S. receive depression care and the extent to which such patients are matched based on their illness severity to appropriate treatments and health care professionals. (4) Dr. Olfson and colleagues used data from the 2012 and 2013 MEPS to examine the pre
23、valence and treatment of adults with screen-positive depression. They also assessed whether serious psychological distress was associated with more intensive treatment. (5) About 1 in 12 adults (8.4%) screened positive for depression, but the prevalence varied widely from 18% among adults in the low
24、est income group to 3. 7% in the highest income group. Only 28. 7% of those who screened positive for depression received any depression treatment during the survey year, although 78. 5% of those with screen-positive depression who received no depression treatment made at least one medical visit dur
25、ing that time, according to the August 29th JAMA Internal Medicine online report. (6) “Some groups, such as men and adults with less education, as well as ethnic and racial minorities, were especially unlikely to receive any treatment for their depressive symptoms,“ Dr. Olfson said. (7) Overall, 8.
26、1% of adults received treatment for depression, but only a minority of those had screen positive depression (29. 9%) or serious psychological distress (21. 8%). The most common treatments for depression were antidepressants (87. 0%), followed by psychotherapy (23. 2%), anxiolytics (13. 5%), antipsyc
27、hotics (7.0%), and mood stabilizers (5.1%). (8) Patients with more serious distress were less likely than less distressed patients to be treated with antidepressants but more likely to be treated with antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, psychotherapy, or the combination of antidepressants
28、 and psychotherapy. (9) Nearly three-quarters of patients who were treated for depression were treated exclusively by general medical professionals, and those patients were less likely than patients treated by psychiatrists or other mental health professionals to have screened positive for depressio
29、n or serious psychological distress. About half of college graduates with serious distress were treated by psychiatrists, compared with less than a third of their counterparts with less education. (10) “The results highlight ongoing challenges in aligning depression care with patient needs,“ Dr. Olf
30、son said. “Expanding the use of simple depression screening tools in primary care is a good first step to increase identification of depression and to guide matching patients to appropriate depression treatment. Beyond screening, integrating mental health services into primary care, though far more
31、complicated, has been shown to improve key patient outcomes of outpatients with depression. “ (11) “Although most physicians are far more comfortable treating uncomplicated depression than they were years ago, many depressed patients continue to receive no treatment for their symptoms,“ he concluded
32、. “Because untreated depression is highly distressing, impairs social function, reduces work productivity, and increases the risk of suicide, ischemic heart disease, and non-adherence to medical treatments, it is critically important for physicians to remain ever watchful for undetected depression.
33、“ (12) Dr. Dara H. Sorkin from the University of California, Irvine, who has published extensively on depression and its treatment, told Reuters Health by e-mail, “ Certainly, screening patients as they present for general medical care will increase the detection of depression, but detection is not
34、enough. The health care system needs to be better prepared to offer patients appropriate mental health services that are affordable, concordant with their personal and cultural values and linguistic preferences, and in line with what has been shown to be most effective given an individuals mental he
35、alth need. “ (13) “Critical gaps in mental health care continue to persist, particularly for individuals from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds, low income individuals, less educated adults, and those who lack insurance,“ she said. “Although recent changes in health care associated with the Affordab
36、le Care Act may remedy some of these disparities, they are not likely to completely eradicate the many barriers that patients face when seeking and receiving mental health treatment. “ 4 What can we infer from the data cited in Para. 5? （ A） The prevalence of depression among American adults had roc
37、keted. （ B） More adults in the low income group screened positive for depression. （ C） People tended to pay more attention to their mental health status. （ D） Less than one third of depression patients received treatment in time. 5 Dr. Olfson has suggested all the following to improve the treatment
38、for depression EXCEPT_. （ A） making treatment more appropriate to the needed （ B） applying simpler screening tools more widely （ C） making mental health service more accessible （ D） making mental health service more affordable 6 Which of the following statements is Dr. Sorkin most likely to agree wi
39、th? （ A） Early and precise detection of depression is key to social productivity. （ B） Providing mental health service in primary care is hardly practical. （ C） There will be a long way to cover to truly improve mental health service. （ D） The Affordable Care Act has been proved utterly inadequate f
40、or the poor. 6 (1) The United States is facing its first major teacher shortage since the 1990s, one that could develop into a crisis for schools in many parts of the country, according to a new study by the Learning Policy Institute, an education think tank. (2) The shortfall is a result of increas
41、ed demand for teachers as schools reinstate classes and programs axed during the Great Recession. It has been compounded by a dramatic decrease in the supply of new teachers entering the profession. Enrollment in teacher-preparation programs dropped from 691,000 in 2009 to 451,000 in 2014, a 35 perc
42、ent decline, according to the study, “A Coming Crisis in Teaching? Teacher Supply, Demand and Shortages in the U. S. “ (3) “Our analysis estimates that U. S. classrooms were short approximately 60,000 teachers last year,“ Leib Sutcher, the studys co-author, told reporters Tuesday ahead of the studys
43、 release. “Unless we can shift these trends, annual teacher shortages could increase to over 100,000 teachers by 2018 and remain close to that level thereafter. “ The impact of the teacher shortage on students, according to the studys authors, will be schools having to cancel courses, increase class
44、 sizes and teacher-pupil ratios, or hire underprepared teachers. (4) Although nearly every state has reported teacher shortages to the U. S. Department of Education, the problem is much more pronounced in some states than others. But across the country, the shortages are disproportionately felt in s
45、pecial education, math and science, and in bilingual and English-language education. (5) Regardless of the state, students in high-poverty and high-minority schools are typically hit hardest when there are teacher shortages. In 2014, on average, less than one percent of teachers were uncertified in
46、low-minority schools, while four times as many were uncertified in high-minority schools, the study showed. (6) Teacher attrition the number of teachers leaving the profession for a variety of reasons remains high and is the single-biggest contributor to the shortage, according to the report. Nearly
47、 two-thirds of the teachers who leave the profession do so before retirement age and cite dissatisfaction with their job as the reason. Addressing the job-dissatisfaction issues could help avert a teacher crisis. “In times of shortage, policymakers often focus attention on how to get more teachers i
48、nto the profession, but its equally important to focus on how to keep the teachers we do have,“ Sutcher said. “Reducing attrition in half, from eight percent to four percent, would virtually eliminate overall shortages. “ (7) Linda Darling-Hammond, president of the Learning Policy Institute and one
49、of the studys co-authors, pointed out that teachers make about 20 percent less than other college graduates and that teacher salaries have lost ground since the 1990s. That despite increased teaching hours and less time for classroom preparation. “In more than 30 states, a mid-career teacher heading a family of four is eligible for government assistance,“ she said. Darling-Hammond recommended increased pay, compensation packages that could include housing and child care, and forgivable loans as some of the ways to improve teacher r
