1、国家公共英语（三级）笔试模拟试卷 210及答案与解析 Part A Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 0 The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering t
2、his question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. C
3、ompetitors may not be a-ware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the pr
4、ocess by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources. But conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occ
5、ur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human society. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict
6、. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy(占有 )of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition
7、starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Am
8、ong nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper (繁荣 ); the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to
9、conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is. 1 In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to （ A） argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies （ B） smooth out the conflicts in
10、human societies （ C） distinguish between two kinds of opposition （ D） summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation 2 According to the author competition differs from conflict in that_. （ A） it results in war in most cases （ B） it induces efforts to expand territory （ C） it is
11、a kind of opposition among social entities （ D） it is essentially a struggle for existence 3 The phrase“function in the disservice of one another“(Line para. 1) most probably means“_“. （ A） betray each other （ B） harm one another （ C） help to collaborate with each other （ D） benefit one another 4 Th
12、e author indicates in the passage that conflict_. （ A） is an inevitable struggle resulting from competition （ B） reflects the struggle among social animals （ C） is an opposition among individual social entities （ D） can be avoided 5 The passage is probably intended to answer the question“_“. （ A） Is
13、 war inevitable? （ B） Why is there conflict and competition? （ C） Is conflict desirable? （ D） Can competition lead to conflict? 5 The word health can be used in a number of ways. In the past, health meant only the absence of disease or illness. Today, though, health has a broader meaning. Health is
14、the state of your well-being that includes how you feel physically, mentally, and socially. Wellness is another term that describes this broader view of health. You can understand the need for a broader definition if you think about how health in your life is different from health in your grandparen
15、ts lives. In 1900, the main causes of death were diseases that were spread by bacteria (细菌 ) and viruses (病毒 ). If you had lived then, the danger of your dying from pneumonia (肺炎 ) would have been three times greater than the danger of your dying from cancer. The diseases that were most common in 19
16、00 affected people of all ages. It is not surprising, then that around 1900, the emphasis of health was on freedom from illness. Today many of the diseases that were common in 1900 can be prevented or cured by improved medicines and methods of sanitation (卫生 ). Most diseases now are likely to occur
17、later in life. You as a teenager will probably not have to think about the same threats to your health as your grandparents did. These improvements in health conditions mean that not only can you now enjoy a better life, but you also have a greater chance of having a longer life. Controlling disease
18、s has in-creased the life expectancy in the United States. Generally, people born more recently have higher life expectancies. Since 1900, the life expectancy in the United States has increased by more than 27 years. It has increased from 47 years for those born in 1900 to 74 years 1981. 6 According
19、 to Paragraph 1, health and wellness_. （ A） can be used interchangeably on all occasions （ B） are different in that the latter has a broader sense （ C） had the same meaning in the past （ D） both refer to the state of your well-being 7 Which of the following statements is true? （ A） Diseases caused b
20、y bacteria and viruses were incurable in 1900. （ B） Bacteria and viruses are the main causes of death today. （ C） Medicines for curing pneumonia were not available in 1900. （ D） Pneumonia caused as many deaths in 1900 as cancer does today. 8 “Life expectancy“in the last paragraph most probably means
21、_. （ A） the kind of life that a person may expect to live （ B） the mode of life that a group of people have lived （ C） the length of time that a person or an animal has lived （ D） the length of time that people may expect to live 9 On an average, people in America who were born in 1900_. （ A） had a
22、life-span of 74 years （ B） lived a shorter but better life than those born later （ C） lived to 47 years of age （ D） lived 27 years longer than those born in 1981 10 The intended readers of the passage are_. （ A） teenagers （ B） the diseased （ C） adults （ D） aged people 国家公共英语（三级）笔试模拟试卷 210答案与解析 Part
23、A Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 1 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题应结合第一段的主要内容考虑。显然第一段旨在区别 conflict和 competition的意思并为下文的论证打下基础。文中又说到 conflict和competition是 opposition的两类，因此 C对。 2 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 细节题。根据第二段第
24、二句， “this struggle( 指 the struggle for existence)innature is competition， not conflict”以及最后一句 “The essence of the struggle is thecompetition for” 可知 D正确。有些考生因第一段第三句出现了“competition ， defined as opposition among social entities” 而误选 C。 3 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 词汇题，需要根据构词法和上下文推测短语的意思。理解这些短语意思的关键是对 disservice的
25、理解，根据构词法，前缀 dis一表示否定 ， service为“服务，帮助 ”，因此可推测 disservice是 “服务，帮助 ”的反义。此外，从上下文看，作者将对抗与合作对比，对抗是 “indisservice of one another”，合作是 “in service of one another”，而我们知道合作有利，对抗有害，所以推测整个短语是“有害于彼此 ”的意思。 4 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 根据文章的最后一句： “It cannot be said that war like conflict among nations isinevitable” 可知， conf
26、lict不是不可避免的，这正是作者的结论。因此， D对。 A说它是不可避免的，显然不对； B是文中没有的内容； C的表述与第一段 conflict的定义字面上在些相似，但意思完全不同， conflict并不是 “单个社会实体内部的抗争 ”C，而是 “社会实体之间的抗争 ”。 5 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 主旨题，考文章的中心思想。文章开头即点出主题 战争是否不可避免，最后一句又得出结论 “不能说战争是不可避免的 ”。很容易看出文章是围绕 “战争是否不可避免 ”这一问题展开的。 6 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 根据原文第一段 Wellness is another term that
27、describes this broader view ofhealth一句可知 health与 wellness都可以表示广义的 “健康 ”，因此选 D。 A项意为 “可以在任何场合下交替使用 ”，过于绝对； B项意为 “两者不同，因为后者意义更广泛 ”； C项意为 “在过去意义相同 ”，均不符合原文意义。 7 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 由原文 If you had lived then， the danger of your dying from pneumonia(肺炎 )would have been three times greater than the danger of
28、your dying from cancer和 Todaymany of the diseases that were common in 1900 can be prevented or cured by improvedmedicines and methods of sanitation(卫生 )两句可知 C正确。 A项过于绝对。由 In1900， the main causes of death were diseases that were spread by bacteria(细菌 )and vi-ruses(病毒 )。可知 B项错误。由 If you had lived then
29、， the danger of your dying frompneumonia(肺炎 )would have been three times greater than the danger of your dyingfrom cancer可知 D项错误。 8 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 由原文最后一句可知 Life expectancy是指 “预期寿命 ”，因为很显然 1981年出生的大部分人现在还并未死亡。 9 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 由原文最后一句 It has increased from 47 years for those born in 1900 to 74 years1981(寿命从 1900年出生的人的 47岁增长到 1981年出生的人的 74岁 )可知 C正确。 10 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 根据原文 第三段最后一句 You as a teenager will probably not have to think aboutthe same threats to your health as your grandparents did可知本文的预期读者为 teenagers。
