1、在职攻硕英语联考（阅读）模拟试卷 55及答案与解析 一、 Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your an
2、swer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 0 For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards“; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that ef
3、fective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的 ) “drives“ as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will lear
4、n to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward“ the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he notic
5、ed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn t
6、o turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on“ a display of lights and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or ever to make as many as three turns to one side. Papouseks light display was pla
7、ced directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble“ when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it
8、 was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control. 1 According to the author, babies learn to do things which_. （ A） are directly related to pleasure （
9、B） will meet their physical needs （ C） will bring them a feeling of success （ D） will satisfy their curiosity 2 Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby_. （ A） would make learned responses when it: saw the milk （ B） would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink （ C） would continue
10、 the simple movements without being given milk （ D） would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink 3 In Papouseks experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to_. （ A） have the lights turned on （ B） get the milk （ C） please their parents （ D） be praised 4 The babi
11、es would “smile and bubble“ at the lights because_. （ A） the lights were directly related to some basic “drives“ （ B） the sight of the lights was interesting （ C） they need not turn back to watch the lights （ D） they succeeded in “switching on“ the lights 5 According to Papousek, the pleasure babies
12、 get in achieving something is a reflection of （ A） a basic human desire to understand and control the world （ B） the satisfaction of certain physiological needs （ C） their strong desire to solve complex problems （ D） a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills 5 Throughout history man
13、has changed his physical environment in order to improve his way of life. With the tools of technology he has altered many physical features of the earth. He has transformed woodlands into farmland, and made lakes and reservoirs out of rivers for irrigation purposes or hydroelectric power. Man has a
14、lso modified the face of the earth by draining marshes and cutting through mountains to build roads and railways. However, mans changes to the physical environment have not always had beneficial results. Today, pollution of the air and water is an increasing danger to the health of the planet. Each
15、day thousands of tons of gases come out of the exhausts of motor vehicles; smoke from factories pollutes the air of industrialized areas and the surrounding areas of countryside. The air in cities is becoming increasingly unhealthy. The pollution of water is equally harmful. In the sea, pollution fr
16、om oil is increasing and is killing enormous numbers of algae (水藻 )， fish and birds. The whole ecological balance of the sea is being changed. The same problem exists in rivers. Industrial wastes have already made many rivers lifeless. Conservationists believe that it is now necessary for man to lim
17、it the growth of technology in order to survive on earth. 6 Man has changed his physical environment with a view to_. （ A） altering the physical features of the earth （ B） modifying the face of the planet （ C） improving his surroundings （ D） bettering his way of life 7 According to the passage, poll
18、ution of the air and water is caused by_. （ A） thousands of tons of gases coming out of the exhausts of motor vehicles （ B） the changes of the environment that technology has brought to man （ C） the increasing amount of oil that has been produced （ D） industrial wastes discharged into rivers 8 The e
19、cological balance of the sea is lost when_. （ A） people consume more fish than they used to （ B） the ecological balance of the river is lost （ C） large numbers of algae, fish and birds are killed （ D） the production of marine petroleum is increased 9 Who would most probably disagree with conservatio
20、nists? （ A） Industrialists. （ B） Ecologists. （ C） Businessmen. （ D） Environmentalists. 10 The purpose of the writer is_. （ A） to reduce modern technology （ B） to improve mans way of life （ C） to warn people not to change the natural environment （ D） to call attention to the protection of the natural
21、 environment 10 With only about 1 000 pandas left in the world. China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. Thats a move similar to what a Texas A neck lines are lowered or raised, and so on. No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really
22、important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐 用 ). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can ha
23、rdly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the consta
24、ntly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide. 16
25、 Designers and big stores always make money_. （ A） by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry （ B） because they are capable of predicting new fashions （ C） by constantly changing the fashions in womens clothing （ D） because they attach great importance to quality in womens clot
26、hing 17 To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as_. （ A） a waste of money （ B） a waste of time （ C） an expression of taste （ D） an expression of creativity 18 The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the_of clothing. （ A） cost
27、 （ B） appearance （ C） comfort （ D） suitability 19 According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? （ A） New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women. （ B） The constant changes in womens clothing reflect their strength of character. （ C） The fashio
28、n industry makes an important contribution to society. （ D） Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women. 20 By saying “the conclusions to be drawn are obvious“ (Lines 12, Para. 4) the writer means that_. （ A） womens inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often
29、laughed at （ B） women are better able to put up with discomfort （ C） men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers （ D） men are more stable and reliable in character 20 Women are, on the whole, more verbal than men. They are good at language and verbal reasoning, while men tend to be skilled a
30、t tasks demanding visual-spatial abilities. In fact, along with aggression, these are most commonly accepted differences between the sexes. Words are tools for communicating with other people, especially information about people.They are mainly social tools. Visual and spatial abilities are good for
31、 imagining and manipulating objects and for communicating information about them. Are these talents programmed into the brain? In some of the newest and most controversial research in neurophysiology (神经生理学 ), it has been suggested that when it comes to the brain, males are specialists while women a
32、re generalists. But no one knows what, if anything, this means in terms of the abilities of the two sexes. Engineering is both visual and spatial, and its true that there are relatively few women engineers. But women become just as skilled as men at shooting a rifle or driving a car, tasks that invo
33、lve visual-spatial skills. They also do equally well at programming a computer, which is neither visual nor spatial. Women do, however, seem less likely to fall in love with the objects themselves , we all know men for whom machines seem to be extensions of their identity. A woman is most likely to
34、see her car, rifle, or computer as a useful tool, but not in itself fascinating. 21 According to the passage, women are usually good at_. （ A） body language （ B） logical reasoning （ C） tasks demanding for the use of words （ D） both A and B 22 The word “accepted“ in the last sentence of the first par
35、agraph roughly means_. （ A） believed （ B） assumed （ C） received （ D） reconciled 23 In the authors opinion, visual and spatial abilities are good for_. （ A） achieving ones objects （ B） mind and body （ C） programming talents into the brain （ D） imagination and communication 24 All the following tasks
36、involve visual-spatial skills EXCEPT_. （ A） imagining and handling objects （ B） providing a computer with a set of instructions （ C） shooting a gun and driving an automobile （ D） planning and making things as an engineer does 25 Why do women seem less likely to fall in love with the objects themselv
37、es? （ A） Because they have no visual-spatial skills. （ B） Because they are only good at language and verbal reasoning. （ C） Because they are less likely to see their charming or interesting aspects. （ D） Because they rarely use machines such as cars, rifles, computers, etc. 在职攻硕英语联考（阅读）模拟试卷 55答案与解析
38、一、 Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET w
39、ith a single line through the center. 【知识模块】 阅读 1 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题问的是根据作者的说法，婴儿学做一些什么样的动作。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是文章的最后一句话，帕剖赛克得出结论：并非是灯光使婴儿们高兴，而是婴儿 (自以为 )成功地解决了一个问题，掌握了一种技能而使他们高兴。帕剖赛克认为，人类自身存在着一种内在的了解世界并力图有意识地加以控制的欲望。因此，我们可以推断出本题的正确答案应是 C“婴儿学习那些能够使他们产生某种成就感的事情 ”。 A“能令婴儿身心愉快的事情 ”， B“能满足婴儿生理上需要的事情 ”， D“能满足婴儿好
40、奇心的事情 ”，这三个选项都是错误的。 【知识模块】 阅读 2 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题是一道具体细节题。问帕剖赛克在其研究中注意到婴儿会怎样。根据文章第三段内容，帕剖赛克开始按通常的办法教婴儿学做一些简单的动作，如摇头，并以牛奶作为奖赏 ；结果他发现，一旦婴儿喝够了之后便拒绝再喝牛奶，但仍然继续做那些学会了的动作，而且表现出高兴的神色。帕剖赛克进一步研究 4个月大的婴儿在不提供牛奶的情况下的反应，结果发现，如果他们左右摆头能点亮显示灯，他们不仅能学会左右摆头，而且还能学会相当复杂的摆头方式，如向一边连续摆两次或三次，只要这种摆头动作能点亮显示灯。因此，本题的正确答案应是 C“不给
41、牛奶喝婴儿也会学做动作 ”。 【知识模块】 阅读 3 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题仍是一道具体细节题。问帕剖赛克的实验中婴儿学做摇头的动作是为了干 什么。利用查阅式阅读法，根据第三段后半部分内容，如果他们左右摆头能点亮显示灯，他们不仅能学会左右摆头，而且还能学会相当复杂的摆头方式，如向一边连续摆两次或三次，只要这种摆头动作能点亮显示灯。因此，本题的正确答案应是 A“婴儿学会做摇头的动作是为了开灯 ”。 【知识模块】 阅读 4 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题问婴儿看见灯光亮了就咯咯笑是因为什么。利用查阅式阅读法，我们可以从文章的第四段中找到与答案相关的信息。这部分指出，帕剖赛克将显
42、示灯放在婴儿的面前，婴儿并不回头去仔细看灯，而是在灯亮的 时候发出 “咯咯的笑声 ”。由此，帕剖赛克得出结论：并非是灯光使婴儿们高兴，而是婴儿 (自以为 )成功地解决了一个问题，掌握了一种技能而感到高兴。帕剖赛克认为，人类自身存在着一种内在的了解世界并力图有意识地加以控制的欲望。因此，本题的正确答案应是 D“使婴儿高兴的并不是看见灯亮了，而是觉得自己做成了某件事，即把灯开亮了 ”。 【知识模块】 阅读 5 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题是一道结论类问题。问按照帕剖赛克的观点，婴儿从成功地解决某个问题、学会某种本领中获得的快感反映了什么 ?根据文章最后一句话 ，帕剖赛克认为，人类自身存在着
43、一种内在的了解世界并力图有意识地加以控制的欲望。由此我们可以看出，本题的正确答案应是 A“反映了人类的一种基本的试图了解并控制世界的欲望 ”。 【知识模块】 阅读 【知识模块】 阅读 6 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题问人类改变自己的物质环境的目的是什么。文章第一句指出，有史以来，人们不断地改变自己的物质环境以改进自己的生活方式。可见，改变环境的目的是改进生活。因此，本题的正确答案应是 D“改进生活方式 ”。 【知识模块】 阅读 7 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题是一道具体细节题。问按照文章内容，水污染和空气污染的导因是什么。利用查阅式阅读法，我们发现文章第二段第一句指出，以技术为
44、工具，人类改变了地球的许多物理特征。而文章第三段和第四段则具体地介绍了在改变地球的过程中给生态带来的空气污染与水污染。因此，本题的正确答案应是B“由于技术给人们带来的环境变化从而导致了空气污染和水污染 ”。 A“机动车废气管排出的大量废气 ”。废气污染引起的是空气污染，因此，此选项不对。 C“石油生产的增加 ”。石油生产的增加并不意味着水污染的增加，只有溢出到水面 (或地面 )的油才会引起污染。因此，此选项也不对。 D“释放进河流里的工业废水 ”。废水引起的主要是水污染，因此，此答案也是错误的。可见， A、 C和 D表达的内容都是片面的，所以，都不是正确选项。 【知识模块】 阅读 8 【正确答
45、案】 C 【试题解析】 本题是一道具体细节题。问何时海洋的生态平衡就丧失了。利用查阅式阅读法，我们可以在文章第四段中找到相关信息。这段主要介绍了淡水污染给环境带来的危害。由于石油污染的增加，海中大量海藻、鱼和鸟死亡，海洋的生态平衡遭到破坏。同样的问题也存在于河流里，工业污水已使许多河 流了无生机。因此，本题的正确答案应是 C“当大量的海藻、鱼类和鸟类被杀死的时候 ”。A“人们比以前吃鱼吃得多了 ”， B“河流失去生态平衡 ”， D“海洋石油生产增加 ”，这三个选项都不是本题的正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读 9 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题是一道引申推断类问题。问下面哪种人最可能不赞同环
46、保主义者的观点。从第三段和第四段可以看出，空气和水资源污染主要是社会工业化带来的副产品。因此，本题的正确答案应是 A“企业家最可能不赞同 ”。 【知识模块】 阅读 10 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题是一道考查写作目的类问题。问作者写本文的目的是什么。利用浏览式阅读法通读全文内容，我们知道本文前两段简述了人类对自然的改造和这一活动的良好意愿。但是，正如第三、四段所指出的，事实在许多方面与人的主观意愿相反：人类在改变环境的同时也正在破坏生态的平衡。因此，在对全文做总结的最后一段作者指出：现在人类有必要限制一下技术的发展，以便使人类在地球上得以生存下去。这正是本文写作的目的。因此，本题的正确
47、答案应是D“号召人们注意保护自然环境 ”。 A“减少现代技术 ”。限制技术的发展不是目的，当然也不是作 者写作本文的目的。 B“改进人类的生活方式 ”。这是人类改变自己物质环境的目的。见文章第一句。 C“警告人们不要改变自然环境 ”。这也不是作者所主张的。本文最后一段中的 limit the growth of technology并非是不让技术发展，而是让它有限度地发展，某些技术 给环境带来较大破坏的技术 就不应该发展。相反，有利于人民生活又不会造成生态问题的技术作者肯定也是赞许的，只要用技术改造自然的目的是提高人民的生活水平。 【知识模块】 阅读 【知识模块】 阅读 11 【正确答案】 D
48、 【试题解析】 本题是一道具体细节题。问 “挪亚方舟 ”项目的目的是什么。利用查阅式阅读法，我们发现文章第三段指出， “挪亚方舟 ”项目的目的是收集濒临灭绝的动物的卵子、胚胎、精子和 DNA，用液体氮把它们储存起来。万一某些物种灭绝了，将会有足够的基础建造材料 (指储存的动物的卵子、胚胎、精子和 DNA)再造这些物种。文章的最后一段第二句再次提到了这个项目的目的，即拯救濒临灭绝的物种。因此，本题的正确答案应是 D。 A“向中国拯救大熊猫的努力致意 ”，B“将胚胎植于寄主动物体内 ”， C“从死亡的雌性大熊猫身上提取细胞，移植于日本 白兔的卵细胞内 ”，这三个选项所叙述的内容均不是该项目的目的，
49、因此都是错误选项。 【知识模块】 阅读 12 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题是一道具体细节题。问按照文章内容，中国的大熊猫克隆项目需要多长时间。利用查阅式阅读法，我们可以在文章第六段中找到与答案相关的信息。这段指出，该项目需要 3至 5年完成。这里 procedure指克隆大熊猫的过程。因此，本题的正确答案应是 A。 【知识模块】 阅读 13 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题是一道词汇含义类问题。问第七段中 groundbreaking一词的意思是什么。利用查阅式阅读法，结合文章第七段内容，我们可以推断出该词的含义应为 “开创性的，开拓的 ”。因此，本题的正确答案应是 A。 break ground原义为 “破土，创建 ”。文中这句话的意思是：这需要很长时间，很难，但是如果成功，这会成为开创性的科学。 【知识模块】 阅读 14 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题是一道具体细节题。问按照克雷默教授的意见，在克隆大熊猫过程中的主要问题是什么。利用查阅式阅读法，根据第七段第一句，将一个物种的细胞移植到另外一个物种体内是 件不容易的事，缺乏大熊猫的卵子可能
