1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 109及答案与解析 Section C 0 The use of deferential(敬重的 )language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman, which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan. This ideal presents a woman who withdraws quietly to the background, subordinating her life and needs to those of her fam
2、ily and its male head. She is a dutiful daughter, wife and mother, master of the domestic arts. The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she “ treads softly(谨言慎行 )in the world,“ elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form. Nowadays, it is commonly observed that young
3、 women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic(语言的 )ideal. They are using fewer of the very deferential “womens“ forms, and even using the few strong forms that are known as “mens“. This, of course, attracts considerable attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defe
4、minization of womens language. Indeed, we didnt hear about “mens language“ until people began to respond to girls appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is considerable sentiment about the “corruption“ of womens languagewhich of course is viewed as part of the loss of femin
5、ine ideals and morality and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly carried out by the media. Yoshiko Matsumoto has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms as older women. This highly polite style is no doubt something
6、 that young women have been expected to “grow into“ after all, it is a sign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of ones social relations as well. One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms whe
7、n playing house or imitating older women in a fashion analogous to little girlsuse of a high-pitched voice to do “teacher talk“ or “mother talk“ in role play. The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change of social change and of linguistic change. Bu
8、t it is most certainly not a sign of the “masculinization“ of girls. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men, but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be “masculine“. Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays ar
9、e using more assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools and out. Social change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls, but different relations to life stages, and adolescent girls are participating in new subcultural forms. Thus what may
10、, to an older speaker, seem like “masculine“ speech may seem to an adolescent like “liberated“ or “hip“ speech. 1 The first paragraph describes in detail_. （ A） the standards set for contemporary Japanese women （ B） the Confucian influence on gender norms in Japan （ C） the stereotyped role of women
11、in Japanese families （ D） the norms for traditional Japanese women to follow 2 What change has been observed in todays young Japanese women? （ A） They pay less attention to their linguistic behavior. （ B） They use fewer of the deferential linguistic forms. （ C） They confuse male and female forms of
12、language. （ D） They employ very strong linguistic expressions. 3 How do some people react to womens appropriation of mens language forms as reported in the Japanese media? （ A） They call for a campaign to stop the defeminization. （ B） They see it as an expression of womens sentiment. （ C） They accep
13、t it as a modern trend. （ D） They express strong disapproval. 4 According to Yoshiko Matsumoto, the linguistic behavior observed in todays young women_. （ A） may lead to changes in social relations （ B） has been true of all past generations （ C） is viewed as a sign of their maturity （ D） is a result
14、 of rapid social progress 5 The author believes that the use of assertive language by young Japanese women is_. （ A） a sure sign of their defeminization and maturation （ B） an indication of their defiance against social change （ C） one of their strategies to compete in a male-dominated society （ D）
15、an inevitable trend of linguistic development in Japan today 5 In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the bodys system for reacting to things that can harm us the so-called fight-or-flight response. “An animal that cant detect danger cant stay alive,“ says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans
16、 evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元 )deep in the brain known as the amygdala(扁桃核 ). LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in ou
17、r lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraises a situation I think this charging dog wants to bite me and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. Thes
18、e signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three. This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know theyre afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, “if you put th
19、at system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear. “ Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection
20、systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry. Thats not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. “When used properly, worry is an incredible device,“ he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action like having a doctor look at that weird spot
21、 on your back. Hallowell insists, though, that theres a right way to worry. “Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan,“ he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so were familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump. Unfortunately, few of us have much exper
22、ience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so its been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. Thats why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro(抗炭疽菌的药物 )and buying gas masks. 6 The “so-called fight-or-flight respon
23、se“(Lines 1-2, Para. 1)refers to “_“. （ A） the biological process in which human beings sense of self-defense evolves （ B） the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential danger （ C） the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decision （ D） the elaborate mechanism
24、 in the human brain for retrieving information 7 From the studies conducted by LeDoux we learn that_. （ A） reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictable （ B） memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distress （ C） peoples unpleasant memories a
25、re derived from their feelings of fear （ D） the amygdala plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger 8 From the passage we know that_. （ A） a little worry will do us good if handled properly （ B） a little worry will enable us to survive a recession （ C） fear strengthens the
26、human desire to survive danger （ D） fear helps people to anticipate certain future events 9 Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell? （ A） Ask for help from the people around you. （ B） Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival. （ C） Seek professio
27、nal advice and take action. （ D） Understand the situation and be fully prepared. 10 In Hallowells view, peoples reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was_. （ A） ridiculous （ B） understandable （ C） over-cautious （ D） sensible 10 Amitai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about schemi
28、ng corporate crooks(骗子 ). As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there disgusted with his students overwhelming lust for money. “Theyre taught that profit is all that matters,“ he says. “Many schools dont even offer ethics(伦理学 )courses at all. “ Etzioni exp
29、ressed his frustration about the interests of his graduate students. “By and large, I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than money, power, fame and self-interest,“ he wrote at the time. Today he still takes the blame for not educating these “busi
30、ness-leaders-to-be. “ “I really feel like I failed them,“ he says. “If I was a better teacher maybe I could have reached them. “ Etzioni was a respected ethics expert when he arrived at Harvard. He hoped his work at the university would give him insight into how questions of morality could be applie
31、d to places where self-interest flourished. What he found wasnt encouraging. Those would-be executives had, says Etzioni, little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroom and their professor was met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different
32、ways. Etzioni sees the experience at Harvard as an eye-opening one and says theres much about business schools that hed like to change. “A lot of the faculty teaching business are bad news themselves,“ Etzioni says. From offering classes that teach students how to legally manipulate contracts, to re
33、inforcing the notion of profit over community interests, Etzioni has seen a lot thats left him shaking his head. And because of what hes seen taught in business schools, hes not surprised by the latest rash of corporate scandals. “In many ways things have got a lot worse at business schools, I suspe
34、ct,“ says Etzioni. Etzioni is still teaching the sociology of right and wrong and still calling for ethical business leadership. “People with poor motives will always exist,“ he says. “Sometimes environments constrain those people and sometimes environments give those people opportunity.“ Etzioni sa
35、ys the booming economy of the last decade enabled those individuals with poor motives to get rich before getting in trouble. His hope now: that the cries for reform will provide more fertile soil for his longstanding messages about business ethics. 11 What impressed Amitai Etzioni most about Harvard
36、 MBA students? （ A） Their keen interest in business courses. （ B） Their intense desire for money. （ C） Their tactics for making profits. （ D） Their potential to become business leaders. 12 Why did Amitai Etzioni say “I really feel like I failed them“(Lines 3-4, Para. 2)? （ A） He was unable to alert
37、his students to corporate malpractice. （ B） He didnt teach his students to see business in new and different ways. （ C） He could not get his students to understand the importance of ethics in business. （ D） He didnt offer courses that would meet the expectations of the business-leaders-to-be. 13 Mos
38、t would-be executives at the Harvard Business School believed that_. （ A） questions of morality were of utmost importance in business affairs （ B） self-interest should not be the top priority in business dealings （ C） new and different principles should be taught at business schools （ D） there was n
39、o place for ethics and morality in business dealings 14 In Etzionis view, the latest rash of corporate scandals could be attributed to_. （ A） the tendency in business schools to stress self-interest over business ethics （ B） the executives lack of knowledge in legally manipulating contracts （ C） the
40、 increasingly fierce competition in the modern business world （ D） the moral corruption of business school graduates 15 We learn from the last paragraph that_. （ A） the calls for reform will help promote business ethics （ B） businessmen with poor motives will gain the upper hand （ C） business ethics
41、 courses should be taught in all business schools （ D） reform in business management contributes to economic growth 15 Each summer, no matter how pressing my work schedule, I take off one day exclusively for my son. We call it dad-son day. This year our third stop was the amusement park, where he di
42、scovered that he was tall enough to ride one of the fastest roller coasters(过山车 )in the world. We blasted through face-stretching turns and loops for ninety seconds. Then, as we stepped off the ride, he shrugged and, in a distressingly calm voice, remarked that it was not as exciting as other rides
43、hed been on. As I listened, I began to sense something seriously out of balance. Throughout the season, I noticed similar events all around me. Parents seemed hard pressed to find new thrills for indifferent kids. Surrounded by ever-greater stimulation, their young faces were looking disappointed an
44、d bored. Facing their childrens complaints of “nothing to do“, parents were shelling out large numbers of dollars for various forms of entertainment. In many cases the money seemed to do little more than buy transient relief from the terrible moans of their bored children. This set me pondering the
45、obvious question: “How can it be so hard for kids to find something to do when theres never been such a range of stimulating entertainment available to them?“ What really worries me is the intensity of the stimulation. I watch my little daughters face as she absorbs the powerful onslaught(冲击 )of aro
46、using visuals and bloody special effects in movies. Why do children immersed in this much excitement seem starved for more? That was, I realized, the point. I discovered during my own reckless adolescence that what creates excitement is not going fast, but going faster. Thrills have less to do with
47、speed than changes in speed. Im concerned about the cumulative effect of years at these levels of feverish activity. It is no mystery to me why many teenagers appear apathetic(麻木的 )and burned out, with a “been there, done that“ air of indifference toward much of life. As increasing numbers of friend
48、s children are prescribed medications stimulants to deal with inattentiveness at school or anti-depressants to help with the loss of interest and joy in their lives I question the role of kids boredom in some of the diagnoses. My own work is focused on the chemical imbalances and biological factors
49、related to behavioral and emotional disorders. These are complex problems. Yet Ive been reflecting more and more on how the pace of life and the intensity of stimulation may be contributing to the rising rates of psychiatric problems among children and adolescents in our society. 16 The author felt surprised in the amusement park at the fact that_. （ A） his son could keep his balance so well on the fast-moving roller coaster （ B） his son was not as thrilled by the roller co
