1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 311及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Knowledge and Masters Degree? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 目前，社会上读硕士学位班的人很多 2. 你对此现象的看法 3. 总结全文 二、 P
2、art II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage
3、; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 Health Health could be defined theoretically in terms of certain measured values; for example, a person having normal body temperature, pulse and breat
4、hing rates, blood pressure, height, weight, acuity of vision, sensitivity of hearing, and other normal measurable characteristics might be termed healthy. But what does normal mean and how is it established? It is well-known that if the temperatures are taken of a large number of active, presumably
5、healthy, individuals the temperatures will all come close to 98.6F(37 ). The great preponderance of these values will fall between 98.4F and 98F. Thus health could in part be defined as having a temperature within this narrow range. Similarly, a normal range can be established for pulse, blood press
6、ure, and height. In some healthy individuals, however, the body temperature may range below 98.4F or above 98.8F. These low and high temperatures fall outside the limits defined above as normal and are instances of biological variability. Health might better be defined as the ability to function eff
7、ectively in complete harmony with ones environment. Implied in such a definition is the capability of meeting physically, emotionally, and mentally the ordinary stresses of life. In this definition health is interpreted in terms of the individuals environment. Health to the construction worker would
8、 have a dimension different from health to the bookkeeper. The healthy construction worker expects to be able to do manual labour all day, while the bookkeeper, although perfectly capable of performing his own sedentary work, would be totally incapable of such heavy labour and indeed might collapse
9、from the physical strain; yet both individuals might be termed completely healthy in terms of their own way of life. The term physical fitness, although frequently used, is also exceedingly difficult to define. In general it refers to the state of optimal maintenance of muscular strength, proper fun
10、ction of the internal organs, and youthful vigour. The champion athlete prepared to cope not only with the commonplace stresses of life but also with the unusual illustrates the concept of physical fitness. To be in good physical condition is to have the ability to swim a mile to save ones life or t
11、o slog home through snow drifts when a car breaks down in a storm. Some experts in fitness insist that the state of health requires that the individual be in prime physical condition. They prefer to divide the spectrum of health and disease into (1) health, (2) absence of disease, and (3) disease. I
12、n their view, those who are not in prime condition and are not physically fit cannot be considered as healthy merely because they have no disease. Healthy involves more than physical fitness, since it also implies mental and emotional well-being. Should the angry, frustrated, emotionally unstable pe
13、rson in excellent physical condition be called healthy? Certainly he could not be characterized as effectively functioning in complete harmony with his environment. Indeed, such an individual is incapable of good judgment and rational response. Health, then, is not merely the absence of illness or d
14、isease but involves the ability to function in harmony with ones environment and to meet the usual and sometimes unusual demands of daily life. The definitions of illness and disease are equally difficult problems. Despite the fact that these terms are often used interchangeably, illness is not to b
15、e equated with disease. A person may have a disease for many years without even being aware of its presence. Although he is diseased, he is not iii. Similarly, the diabetic person who has known disease and has received adequate insulin treatment is not ill. The cancer victim is often totally unaware
16、 of his disorder and is not ill until after long years of growth of the turnout, during which time it causes no symptoms. The term illness implies discomfort or inability to function optimally. Hence it is a subjective state of lack of well being produced by disease. Regrettably, many diseases remai
17、n submerged for long years before they produce discomfort or impair function and, thus, escape detection and possible cure. Disease, defined as any deviation from normal form and function, may be trivial if the deviation is minimal. A minor skin infection might be considered trivial, for example. On
18、 the eyelid, however, such an infection could produce considerable discomfort or illness. Any departure from the state of health, then, is a disease, whether health be measured in the theoretic terms of normal measured values or in the more pragmatic terms of ability to function effectively in harmo
19、ny with ones environment. Health is not a static condition but represents a fluid range of physical and emotional well-being continually subjected to internal and external challenges such as worry, over work, varying external temperatures, bacteria, and viruses. These constantly changing conditions
20、require the adjustment of the function of the various systems within the body. Mechanisms are continually at work to maintain a constant internal environment. The maintenance of this relatively constant internal environment is known as homeostasis (体内平衡 ). Bacteria, viruses, and other microbiologic
21、agents are obvious challenges to health. The body is able, to a considerable extent, to protect itself and adjust to challenges, and, to the extent that it is successful, the state of health is maintained. While health is often thought of as fragile and subject to many evils, it is, in fact, a rugge
22、dly guarded state protected by a host of internal mechanisms. Few machines made by man could tolerate the abuse heaped on the human body and still be capable of functioning. Some of the mechanisms vital to the maintenance of health include (1) the maintenance of the internal environment i. e. , home
23、ostasis; (2) adaptation to stress situations; (3) defense against microbiologic agents, such as bacteria and viruses; (4) repair and regeneration of damaged tissue or ceils; and (5) clothing of the blood to prevent excessive bleeding. Despite these separate considerations, the commonality of purpose
24、 the preservation and maintenance of health must not be lost sight of. Insofar as each of these mechanisms works to maintain a constant internal environment, it can be considered as a homeostatic mechanism. 2 The major functions important in the maintenance of homeostasis are fluid and electrolyte (
25、电解质 ) balance, acid-base regulation, thermoregulation, and metabolic control. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 3 A normal range has been established for body temperature, blood pressure, pulse, height, etc. for health. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 4 According to some experts in fitness those who have no disease are h
26、ealthy. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 Health might be defined as the ability to function effectively in meeting physical, emotional, and mental stresses of life. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 Except for physical fitness, health also involves _. 7 Disease may either be associated with illness or be _. 8 Altogeth
27、er there are _ mechanisms essential to the maintenance of health. 9 The human body is able to protect itself and adjust to challenges of _. 10 _ is the maintenance of the relatively constant internal environment of the body. 11 Any minimal deviation from normal form and function may be _. Section A
28、Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the
29、 pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） One student received a higher grade than he did. （ B） He will have to take a number of exams later. （ C） The test is more difficult than he expected. （ D） Several students in his class have receive
30、d top*grade. （ A） Take a break. （ B） Go to work. （ C） Do the other problems. （ D） Keep trying. （ A） They are too many and she cant read them all. （ B） They are too boring to read. （ C） She feels too tired to read any hooks. （ D） They are too heavy for her to carry. （ A） Clean air. （ B） Friendly folk
31、s. （ C） Freshness. （ D） Peaceful surroundings. （ A） He doesnt think it necessary to refuel the car. （ B） He can manage to get the gasoline they need. （ C） He hopes the woman will help him select a fuel. （ D） He thinks it is difficult to get fuel for the car. （ A） They think cinemas are too far away
32、from their home. （ B） They are disappointed with the films produced these days. （ C） They both dislike films about adventure stories. （ D） They both like the idea of going to the cinema at night. （ A） The application should be well-written. （ B） The application should have been sent as soon as possi
33、ble. （ C） The application will certainly bring him great profit. （ D） The application can help him get that good job. （ A） Its not important how he dances. （ B） Its too crowded to dance anyway. （ C） If hes careful, no one will notice. （ D） No one knows the steps to the dance. （ A） Shes unable to att
34、end the study session. （ B） She has seen a doctor recently. （ C） Shes concerned about medical care. （ D） She mentions the need for some medical tests. （ A） To improve the study skills of university students. （ B） To suggest changes in the student government. （ C） To give people the opportunity to sp
35、eak with a politician. （ D） To discuss graduation requirements for political science majors. （ A） Graduate school application procedures. （ B） Funding for university education. （ C） Winning the confidence of voters. （ D） Preparing for an important test. （ A） Receptive. （ B） Friendly. （ C） Impulsive.
36、 （ D） Brave. （ A） France. （ B） Italy. （ C） Germany. （ D） America. （ A） Reading. （ B） Writing. （ C） Speaking. （ D） Listening. （ A） Liverpool. （ B） London. （ C） Scotland. （ D） Welsh. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some q
37、uestions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. （ A） School and Education. （ B） Individuals in the United States. （ C） Responsibilities as Citizens. （ D） Tomorrows Decision-m
38、akers. （ A） Individual states. （ B） Federal government. （ C） Taxes of citizens. （ D） Parents. （ A） 20. （ B） 22. （ C） 21. （ D） 23. （ A） A box. （ B） A young tree. （ C） A book. （ D） Apples. （ A） Because the farmer planted the tree near the road. （ B） Because the farmer planted the tree on one of his fi
39、eld. （ C） Because the farmer planted the tree near his house. （ D） Because the farmer planted the tree in his woods. （ A） The Farmer and An Apple Tree. （ B） How to Plant an Apple Tree. （ C） A Friends Gift. （ D） An Apple Tree. （ A） He is a commercial diver. （ B） He is an independent photographer. （ C
40、） He is a camera manufacturer. （ D） Both A andB （ A） Michael has been diving for nine years. （ B） Michael dives on holidays with his parents. （ C） Michael loves diving ever since he first tried it. （ D） Michael has never taken any diving courses. （ A） Taking pictures under water. （ B） Connecting pip
41、elines. （ C） Planting sea weeds. （ D） Placing explosives under the water. （ A） Because he was never afraid of anything. （ B） Because he was protected by a special medium. （ C） Because he had enough experience. （ D） Because it was his job. Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passag
42、e three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you ar
43、e required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the 36 Video recorders and photocopiers, even ticket machines on the railways, often seem unnecessarily difficult to use. Last December I bought myself a Video casset
44、te recorder【 B1】 _ as “simple to use!. In the first three weeks I failed【 B2】 _ to program the machine to record from the TV, and after months of practice I still made mistakes. I am not alone. According to a【 B3】 _ last year by Ferguson, the British manufacturer, more than one in four VCR owners ne
45、ver use the timer on their machines to record a programmer: they dont use it because theyve found it far too hard to operate. So why do manufacturers keep on designing and producing VCRs that are【 B4】 _ to use if the problems are so obvious? First, the problems we notice are not obvious to【 B5】 _ mi
46、nded designers with years of experience and trained to understand how【 B6】 _ work. Secondly,. designers tend to add one or two features at a time to each model,【 B7】 _ you or I face all a machines features at once. Thirdly, although finding problems in a finished product is easy, it is too late by t
47、hen to do anything about the design. Finally, if manufacturers can get away with selling products that are difficult to use, it is not worth the【 B9】 _ of any one of them to make improvements.【 B8】 _ . But that gives rise to the question, “why cant you have features that are easy to use?“ The answer
48、 is you can.【 B10】 _ . For a start, designers should build an original model of the machine and try it out on typical members of the public not on colleagues in the development laboratory.【 B11】 _ .In an ideal world, there would be some ways of controlling quality such as that the VCR must be redesi
49、gned repeatedly until, say, 90 percent of users can work 90 percent of the features correctly 90 percent of the time. 37 【 B1】 38 【 B2】 39 【 B3】 40 【 B4】 41 【 B5】 42 【 B6】 43 【 B7】 44 【 B8】 45 【 B9】 46 【 B10】 47 【 B11】 Section B Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the
