1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 85及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Hard Life Is Good for Children. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1. 独生子女的种种问题 2. 造成这些问题的原因 3. 提出你的解决方法 Hard Life Is Good for Children 二
2、、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the pass
3、age; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 2 Cross Cultural Conflict Resolution in Teams Team members work in increasingly diverse environments: in terms of age, gender, race, language, and nat
4、ionality. Beyond these differences, there are also deeper cultural differences that influence the way conflict is approached. The use of teams represents an important change in the way we work. The theory is that through the interdependency of the parts greater productivity is achieved by the whole.
5、 Experience has been less kind. One reason that teams fail to meet performance expectations is their paralysis through unresolved conflict. Teams Dynamics Over time successful teams develop culturally distinct pathways to communicate, problem solving, make decisions, and resolve conflict. Most liter
6、ature on teams suggests that they realize high performance levels by passing through four distinct development phases, forming, storming, norming and performing. The development of team norms does not take place in a vacuum, but is embedded in the wider social, political and economic context of the
7、day; Another reality is that team members do not have access to the same power. Sources of power differ, as do expectations about how and when it will be used. It is suggested that a successful team will: be comfortable dealing with conflict be committed to resolving disputes close to the source res
8、olve disputes based on interests before rights and power learn from experience with Conflicts. This ties in with research on the effects of interpersonal conflict in teams. A team members commitment to the team and the team mission decreases if conflict goes unresolved, but can increase if conflict
9、is well-managed and resolved. If unhealthy conflict goes unresolved for too long, team members are likely to quit or to search for alternatives. Defining Culture Social anthropology, as the academic field responsible for the study of culture, has yet to settle on a definition of culture. However, fo
10、r our practical purposes, culture is defined as the shared set of values, beliefs, norms, attitudes, behaviors, and social structures that define reality and guide everyday interactions. This definition implies that culture is an attribute of a group, and also contemplates the fact that there may be
11、 as much variation within the group as between different groups: We often associate culture with a national group, however, culture includes ethnic groups, clans, tribes and organizations. Teams within organizations also have beliefs, attitudes and behaviors that constitute unique cultures. Although
12、 there are many similarities between cultures, it is important not to minimize real differences that do exist. A useful tool for considering the cultures of different groups is the bell curve. The majority of a group culture will confirm to a dominant set of beliefs, attitudes and behaviors, but the
13、re will be members of the cultural group that differ in significant ways from the norm. Individualistic and Collectivist Dimensions of a Culture An important dimension of culture is the extent to which members identify with the group (in this case the team) rather than themselves as individuals. Ind
14、ividualistic cultures place a high value on “autonomy, initiative, creativity, and authority in decision making.“ Individual interests trump group interests, and any group commitment is a function of a perceived self-benefit. Collectivist cultures, on the other hand, value the group above the indivi
15、dual. Group conformity and commitment is maintained at the expense of personal interests. Harmony, getting along and maintaining face are seen as crucial. The dominant culture in the USA, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand is individualistic, while collectivism predominates the rest
16、of the world. However examples of both are found everywhere. In California where the recent census found that 32% of the population is Hispanic, 7% are African American and 10% are of Asian descent, it can safely be assumed that a relatively high percentage of the workforce comes from a social envir
17、onment that is collectivist. Comfort with Conflict Individualists and collectivists view conflict differently. Collectivists, who place a high value on harmony, getting along and face see conflict as a sign of social failure. As a result, comfort levels with conflict situations, especially of an int
18、erpersonal nature are low. Conflict is often avoided. While many individualists also feel discomfort with conflict, it is acknowledged as an inevitable part of life that must be dealt with. However, being in conflict with another is not necessarily something to be ashamed about. Negotiation Style Ne
19、gotiation is a means to satisfy needs. It can be broken down into one of two approaches positional and interest based. Positional negotiation involves haggling over extreme positions without a clear understanding of underlying interests. By contrast, an interest based approach focuses on the needs a
20、nd concerns of the disputants. An interest based approach is widely used by conflict resolution practitioners, especially in western cultures. It has been popularized through books such as Getting to Yes but the extent of its internalization is limited. Teams should consider their own negotiation st
21、yles and make an explicit decision as to whether they will use an interest based or positional negotiation approach. During negotiations, cultures that prefer a direct communication style will seek direct, face-to-face communication rather than indirect shuttle diplomacy. There are other cultural fa
22、ctors that have a bearing on the way a team will approach conflict prevention and resolution. These include: our relationship to time our relationship to rules our relationship to venue Given that teams are comprised of diverse individuals with unique cultural backgrounds, what lessons can we distil
23、l for the successful prevention and resolution of conflict? 1. Know Yourself and Your Own Culture Starting with yourself, examine your own beliefs, values, biases, and prejudices. How do you behave? What are your hot buttons? Locate your individual culture in the context of your family, regional, an
24、d national cultures. What is the social, political and economic context of the day? Being aware of our own cultures helps us to be open to different ideas. We are able to compare and contrast different approaches without being threatened. 2. Learn Others Expectations We should expect different expec
25、tations. The only way we will know what our team members expect is to have an explicit conversation about the nature of conflict and how we prefer to deal with it when it arises. This should lead to a more general conversation that addresses how the team wants to work together. The sooner this happe
26、ns the better. We can also read books and watch movies to understand others culture. Learning about a new culture takes time. Some liken culture to an iceberg where over nine tenths is out of sight. So it is with culture. There is the surface culture, and then there is that which is hidden-deep cult
27、ure. 3. Check Your Assumptions As we filter incoming information through our senses it is natural to make assumptions. We should develop acceptable communication protocols to check out the basis of our perceptions. Failure to do so leads to inaccurate stereotypes and may foster negative feelings of
28、hostility. One approach is to give specific feedback on the behavior you observed and to seek clarification of your interpretations. Be open to various interpretations. Your first interpretation is not necessarily correct. Another variation is to give feedback on how you felt when the specified beha
29、vior occurred. It sometimes helps to list all the possible interpretations you have thought of almost as if brainstorming. 4. Consider the Platinum Rule The Platinum rule encourages us to treat our team members as they would like to be treated rather than the way we like to be treated (the golden ru
30、le). It is similar to the difference between sympathy and empathy. Empathy is not about “walking a mile in his moccasins“ but imagining “how he feels walking in his moccasins.“ Problems with the platinum rule arise when your way and the others way clash. 2 This passage focuses on the impact of cultu
31、ral differences on teamwork and partnership. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 3 A unanimous definition of culture has failed to emerge both in social anthropology and every- day life. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 4 Unresolved conflict can be destructive to the performance of teams. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 According t
32、o the Platinum rule, we should treat our team members as we would have them treat us. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 There are two basic categories of negotiation styles: positional and _. 7 Conflict is regarded as a marker of _ by collectivists while accepted as unavoidable by individualists. 8 Compared w
33、ith the _ culture, the surface culture is only a small part of culture. 9 The failure of developing acceptable _ may result in inaccurate stereotypes and foster negative feelings of hostility. 10 According to different cultures, negotiations can be conducted through direct, face-to-face communicatio
34、n or indirect _. 11 The _ can be used when considering the cultures of different groups. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversatio
35、n and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） It is a pity that there is a flaw on it. （ B） It is a good bargain but it could be much cheaper. （
36、 C） It should be showed to some of the womans friends. （ D） It is a real bargain because the flaw is hardly noticeable. （ A） She could play games on the campus net. （ B） The man should go and enjoy the performance. （ C） The man can enjoy the performance without going out. （ D） She would stay at the
37、dormitory and watch the performance. （ A） To talk with Mary about going to the concert. （ B） To ask Mary to stop worrying about the exam. （ C） To help Mary to prepare for the upcoming concert. （ D） To persuade Mary to spend more time on her study. （ A） He cooks for the club members quite often. （ B）
38、 He wasnt careful when he was preparing food. （ C） He often fills the kitchen with tomato and chocolate. （ D） He doesnt like to prepare food for the club members. （ A） Enjoyable. （ B） Inspiring. （ C） Moving. （ D） Dull. （ A） Its too late for the man to find a tutor. （ B） She hasnt prepared for the mi
39、dterm exam either. （ C） The man shouldnt hire the same tutor that she had. （ D） The man should hire a tutor before the midterm exam. （ A） The test was difficult for him. （ B） The test lasted only one hour. （ C） The time is too short for the whole test. （ D） The man only finished the first page of th
40、e test. （ A） Teachers like Professor Johnson are rare. （ B） Professor Johnson has won a million dollars. （ C） There are many teachers as good as Professor Johnson. （ D） Professor Johnson is likely to be teaching at that school. （ A） Water. （ B） Crops. （ C） Money. （ D） Trees. （ A） It would have a bad
41、 effect on the local people. （ B） The local people do not want to sell any land. （ C） The government doesnt allow land to be sold. （ D） There isnt enough money available to buy land. （ A） Two local people. （ B） A local person and a reservation worker. （ C） Two reservation workers. （ D） A reporter an
42、d a reservation worker. （ A） Rise. （ B） Fall. （ C） V-shape. （ D） Zigzag. （ A） To create stability in their lives. （ B） To embrace changes of thought. （ C） To adapt to the disintegrated family life. （ D） To return to the practice in the 60s and 70s. （ A） They were afraid of losing face. （ B） They wer
43、e willing to stay together. （ C） They wanted to go against the trend. （ D） They feared the complicated procedures. （ A） They would have enjoyed a happier life. （ B） They would have had difficulty being promoted. （ C） They would have been shifted around the country. （ D） They would have tasted little
44、 bitterness of disgrace. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices mark
45、ed A, B, C and D. （ A） Bettering his way of life. （ B） Improving his surroundings. （ C） Modifying the face of the planet. （ D） Altering the physical features of the earth. （ A） When the ecological balance of the river is lost. （ B） When people consume more fish than they used to. （ C） When large num
46、bers of algae, fish and birds are killed. （ D） When the production of marine petroleum is increased. （ A） Ecologists. （ B） Industrialists. （ C） Businessmen. （ D） Environmentalists, （ A） Because people saved less. （ B） Because people were wealthy. （ C） Because people consumed less. （ D） Because expen
47、ditures on luxuries increased. （ A） Food, education and automobiles. （ B） Education, entertainment and tourism. （ C） Food, automobiles and entertainment. （ D） Education, automobiles and entertainment. （ A） That people were more money conscious. （ B） That people were more health conscious. （ C） That
48、the price of fruit dropped dramatically. （ D） That people had to spend more on transportation and furniture. （ A） Because some imported goods cause environmental damage. （ B） Because UK wastes a lot of money importing food products. （ C） Because people waste energy buying food from other countries.
49、（ D） Because growing certain vegetables cause environmental damage. （ A） The distance that a food product travels to a market. （ B） The distance between UK and other food producing countries. （ C） The distance that a food product travels from one market to another. （ D） The distance between a Third World country and a First World food market. （ A） That Ghanaian tomatoes taste better than British ones. （ B） That British tomatoes are healthi
