1、大学英语六级（ 2013年 12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 179及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then discuss how to get rid of this phenomenon. You should give sound arguments t
2、o support your views and write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Section A （ A） They should make several observations of the same child. （ B） They should observe several children at the same time. （ C） They should find an ideal location for the observations. （ D） They should observe at
3、the time most convenient for themselves. （ A） The behavioral patterns of children at different time. （ B） The influence of environment on a childs behavior. （ C） The impact of observation on a childs behavior （ D） The interactive influence of childrens behavior. （ A） He doesnt change the deadline of
4、 the assignment. （ B） He delays the deadline of the assignment. （ C） He cancels the assignment. （ D） He asks them to hand in the assignment ahead of the deadline. （ A） Ignore the presentation. （ B） Divide the assignment. （ C） Omit some chapters. （ D） Listen more carefully. （ A） To attend the orienta
5、tion. （ B） To meet his professor. （ C） To find some books. （ D） To use the computer. （ A） The name of the author. （ B） His student ID. （ C） The title of the book. （ D） His whereabouts. （ A） The library is quite modern and highly computerized. （ B） There are some books on psychology on the second flo
6、or. （ C） It serves both the students on campus and outside visitors. （ D） The renewal system is very simple and user-friendly. （ A） Because they may need the books from time to time. （ B） Because such books are very precious and valuable. （ C） Because they hope everyone has a chance to read the book
7、s. （ D） Because there is only one copy in the library. Section B （ A） Some senior hackers. （ B） The government agencies. （ C） The security researchers. （ D） The game players. （ A） Because it costs $ 77 billion to develop. （ B） Because it even puts data in offline devices in danger. （ C） Because it a
8、ims at nuclear facilities and military bases. （ D） Because it is revealed to reporters and the public. （ A） Cutting all the devices from the Internet. （ B） Stopping using all the advanced laser printers. （ C） Installing the high-tech anti-hacking softwares. （ D） Using an AM radio to detect the signa
9、ls. （ A） To solve economic problem. （ B） To increase gender equality. （ C） To follow the international trend. （ D） To increase the number of population. （ A） Only mothers can take the paid parental leave. （ B） No parental leave can be taken after the child is 8. （ C） Only families of two working par
10、ents can enjoy the paid leave. （ D） Parents must reserve the paid parental leave in advance. （ A） For 2 weeks. （ B） For 10 weeks. （ C） For 2 months. （ D） For 3 months. （ A） They worry about the salary cut. （ B） They show favor to taking the leave. （ C） They think women should benefit more. （ D） They
11、 feel more responsibility on them. Section C （ A） It is a kind of social problem. （ B） It has a bad impact on mental health. （ C） It makes people less effective at work. （ D） It troubles most people nowadays. （ A） A song. （ B） A piece of paper. （ C） A poem. （ D） An article. （ A） Have the right attit
12、ude. （ B） Enjoy life. （ C） Be optimistic. （ D） Work hard. （ A） It gives an important impression on others. （ B） It has an impact on people around you. （ C） It shows whether you are happy or not. （ D） It is likely to be followed by other people. （ A） They always go together hand-in-hand. （ B） Alcohol
13、-dependent teens will not depend on nicotine. （ C） It is one of equal dependence. （ D） People who dont use alcohol often smoke. （ A） It damages an area of the brain called the basal forebrain. （ B） It doesnt stimulate the reward center of the brain. （ C） It can cause people to get addicted to alcoho
14、l. （ D） It weakens the sleep-causing effects of alcohol. （ A） It helps people understand the basal forebrain. （ B） It will promote studies on peoples brain activity. （ C） It may help people break addictions to alcohol and nicotine. （ D） It can prevent people from getting alcohol-caused sleepy. （ A）
15、The society cant decide when people are old. （ B） The aged are not in need of medical care. （ C） People of all ages are now aging. （ D） Aging is greatly affected by genes. （ A） She has lost too many precious things. （ B） She begins to gain the freedom. （ C） She cant take care of herself any more. （
16、D） She feels her brain is falling apart. （ A） She learns from the disabled old ladies. （ B） She tries to have a positive attitude towards everything. （ C） She never feels flat or bored in her whole life. （ D） She thinks retirement is celebration to old people. Section A 26 For authors of self-help g
17、uides, no human problem is too great or too small. Want to become fitter, richer or happier in 2015? There are books for it【 C1】 _upon shelves of them. Hoping for increased efficiency, decisiveness and creativity in the months ahead? There are titles for that, too. As we settle down to our New Years
18、【 C2】 _, well turn in droves to self-help books, hoping to find our own best selves in their pages. But a book neednt lecture to leave its imprint. The truth is that all good literature changes us, and a growing body of research suggests you might do better browsing through fiction for support in【 C
19、3】_lifes challenges. Think of it less as self-help than “shelf help“. Reading has been proven to sharpen【 C4】 _thinking, enabling us to better discern patternsa handy tool when it comes to the often baffling behaviour of ourselves and others. But fiction in particular can make you more socially able
20、. Last year, the Journal of Applied Social Psychology published a paper showing how reading Harry Potter made young people in the U. K. and Italy more【 C5】 _disposed towards stigmatised(使蒙上污名的 )minorities such as【 C6】 _. And in 2013, psychologists at the New School for Social Research found that lit
21、erary fiction enhanced peoples ability to【 C7】 _and read others emotions. We think of novels as places in which to lose ourselves, but when we【 C8】 _, we take with us inspiration from our favourite characters. A 2012 study by researchers at Ohio State University found that this process could actuall
22、y change a readers behaviour. In one experiment, participants strongly identifying with a【 C9】 _character who overcame obstacles to vote proved significantly more likely to vote in a real election. They may not promise transformation in seven easy steps, but gripping novels can inform and motivate,
23、short stories can console and trigger self-reflection, and poetry has been shown to engage parts of the brain linked to memory. Sometimes an author helps by simply taking your mind off a problem,【 C10】 _you so fully in anothers world and outlook that you transcend yourself, returning recharged and d
24、etermined. A)accepting I)fictional B)analytical J)immersing C)battling K)positively D)books L)refugees E)concretely M)register F)critical N)resolutions G)emerge O)shelves H)express 27 【 C1】 28 【 C2】 29 【 C3】 30 【 C4】 31 【 C5】 32 【 C6】 33 【 C7】 34 【 C8】 35 【 C9】 36 【 C10】 Section B 36 Why Depression
25、Needs a New Definition AMany psychiatrists believe that a new approach to diagnosing and treating depressionlinking individual symptoms to their underlying mechanismsis needed for research to move forward. In his Aphorisms, Hippocrates defined melancholia(忧郁症 ), an early understanding of depression,
26、 as a state of “fears and losing courage, if they last a long time. “ It was caused, he believed, by an excess of bile(胆汁 )in the body(the word “melancholia“ is ancient Greek for “black bile“). BEver since then, doctors have struggled to create a more precise and accurate definition of the illness t
27、hat still isnt well understood. In the 1920s, the German psychiatrist Kurt Schneider argued that depression could be divided into two separate conditions, each requiring a different form of treatment: depression that resulted from changes in mood, which he called “inner depression“ , and depression
28、resulting from reactions to outside events, or “reactive depression“. His theory was challenged in 1926, when the British psychologist Edward Mapother argued in the British Medical Journal that there was no evidence for two distinct types of depression, and that the apparent differences between depr
29、ession patients were just differences in the severity of the condition. CToday, Schneiders subtypes have largely fallen out of favor, but over the years, many more definitions were offered in their place. In 1969, the American psychologist Rollo May wrote in his book Love and Will that “depression i
30、s the inability to construct a future,“ while the cognitive psychologist Albert Ellis argued in 1987 that depression, unlike “appropriate sadness“ , stemmed from “irrational beliefs“ that left sufferers ill-equipped to deal with even mild setbacks. DIn 1952, the American Psychiatric Association trie
31、d to standardize the definitions of mental illnesses, including depression, by creating a taxonomy(分类法 )of mental illnesses. In the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, depression was listed under the broad category of “ disorders without clearly defined physical cause“. The DSM-I
32、II, published in 1980, was the APAs first attempt to clarify the definitions of specific disorders by listing their symptoms: the new edition included guidelines for differentiating depression from other disorders, and outlined eight symptoms of depression, included “poor appetite or significant wei
33、ght loss“ and “complaints or evidence of diminished ability to think or concentrate“. If an adult met four of the eight symptoms, the manual counseled, he or she would meet the criteria for clinical depression. In the DSM-V, published in 2013, depressive disorders were finally allocated their own ch
34、apter. The diagnostic criteria were mostly unchanged, with the exception of one additional symptom: “Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report(e. g. , feels sad or empty)or observation made by others(e. g. , appears tearful). “ ESome scientists believ
35、e that the DSM-V definition is still too vague. As the psychiatrist Daniel Goldberg noted in the journal World Psychiatry in 2011, many of the DSM symptoms are opposites, which can make it difficult for researchers working to develop a more precise understanding of the condition. “ A patient who has
36、 psychomotor retardation(精神运动性阻滞 ), hypersomnia(嗜睡 ), and gaining weight is scored as having identical symptoms as another who is agitated, sleeping badly, and has weight loss,“ Goldberg wrote. FMany recent studies have verified Goldbergs concerns. In 2000, for example, a group of researchers at Joh
37、ns Hopkins University attempted to identify subtypes of depression by studying the symptoms of nearly 2,000 patients. However, the researchers were unable to find much of a pattern connecting gender, family history, symptoms, and the degree of the condition(mild to severe). “Depression is of differe
38、nt kind,“ they concluded, adding that “the severity of an episode appears to be more informative than the pattern of symptoms. “ And in 2010, researchers in Germany testing the validity of the DSM-IV definition found that the criteria captured a huge population of patients with “ widely varying asso
39、ciations with the pattern of co-morbidity(共病 ), personality traits, features of the depressive episode and demographic characteristics. “ The results, they argued, “challenge our understanding of major depression as a similar categorical entity. “ GPart of the problem, said Scott Monroe, a professor
40、 of psychology at the University of Notre Dame, is that in medical term, depression is considered a syndrome rather than a disease. While a disease is a specific condition characterized by a common underlying cause and consistent physical traits, a syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms know
41、n to frequently appear together, but without a single known cause. In a paper published in June in the journal Current Directions in Psychological Science, Monroe called for scientists to begin defining depression with more precision. “ It is in this vague and imprecise realm that problems can arise
42、,“ he wrote, “and vague insights based on imperfect similarities and differences eventually may prove to be clear oversights. “ HPart of the reason that scientists are still working in the “vague and imprecise realm“ , as Monroe put it, is because they still dont have a clear answer for what causes
43、depression. In the 1960s, the dominant hypothesis was that it stemmed from a chemical imbalance in the brain, specifically from lower levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin(血清素 ). As a result, drug companies poured resources into developing “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors“(SSRIs), drugs t
44、hat increased the amount of serotonin in the brain. SSRIs are still the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressantdespite the fact that research has shown that lower levels of serotonin do not necessarily cause depression for all individuals. And in 2010, a review of three decades worth of stud
45、ies on antidepressants found that while SSRIs can be helpful for severely depressed people, their effectiveness “may be minimal or nonexistent“ in those with mild or moderate depression. IBruce Cuthbert, the director of adult translational(平动 )research and treatment development at the National Insti
46、tute of Mental Health(NIMH), thinks that part of the problem is that researchers have largely focused their attention on finding a one-size-fits-all treatment that doesnt exist. “ When you do a clinical trial, youre getting a bunch of people who are depressed , but theyre actually very different,“ h
47、e said. “ Its like comparing apples, pears, and oranges. Youre not going to see a significant effect. Youre not going to be able to say, This treatment works for fruits. “ Trying to create a singular treatment for depression, Cuthbert said, is like trying to create one for cancer: too unspecific to
48、actually be helpful. “Our current diagnostic system is ninning out of steam for research. “ “While DSM has been described as a Bible for the field, it is, at best, a dictionary, creating a set of labels and defining each,“ the NIMH director Tom Insel wrote in 2013. JIn 2010, Insel invited Cuthbert,
49、who was then working as a psychology professor at the University of Minnesota, to help the NIMH develop a new framework for defining mental illness. The result, unveiled in 2013, was the Research Domain Criteria(RDoC), a system created to flip the way researchers think about mental disorders. Unlike the DSM, RDoC isnt organized by disorder: instead, its organized around specific symptoms, like fear, anhedonia(the inability to feel pleasure), and willingness or unwilling
