1、大学英语六级（ 2013年 12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 234及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to unite an essay on judgment by referring to the saying “Dont judge a book by its cover until youve read the book.“ You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain how yo
2、u can make rational judgments. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Section A （ A） Food packaging. （ B） Varieties of fish. （ C） A new snack food. （ D） An artificial food flavoring. （ A） To preserve it longer. （ B） To give it a particular taste. （ C） To make it smoother. （
3、D） To increase the fermentation. （ A） Its low purchase price. （ B） Its wide availability. （ C） Its good nutritional value. （ D） Its high water content. （ A） Because the product is out of stock. （ B） Because it will take months to arrive. （ C） Because the food hasnt been produced yet. （ D） Because th
4、e special fish is in short supply. （ A） She forgot the time. （ B） She didnt feel hungry. （ C） She attended a prolonged class. （ D） She ran into an old friend. （ A） He is unable to prevent students from fighting. （ B） He is popular for his devotion to teaching. （ C） His lectures are hard to understan
5、d. （ D） He is ignorant of his students health. （ A） To visit the professor privately. （ B） To argue with the professor. （ C） To attend the professors class. （ D） To skip the professors class. （ A） They make him feel good. （ B） He is indifferent to them. （ C） They bore him to death. （ D） He is overbu
6、rdened. Section B （ A） Immediately. （ B） The following week. （ C） In two weeks. （ D） At the end of the semester. （ A） With a thesis statement. （ B） With a list of references. （ C） With a summary of the conference. （ D） With a conclusion of the paper. （ A） Finish a textbook assignment. （ B） Review fo
7、r the final examination. （ C） Choose proper research topics. （ D） Prepare an outline for a paper. （ A） Less than 68%. （ B） About 50%. （ C） Over 70%. （ D） Around 45%. （ A） Whether it is necessary to put labels on prepared foods. （ B） What ingredient should a nutrition label list. （ C） How to get cons
8、umers to read labels more carefully. （ D） What food information should be provided to consumers. （ A） Doubtful. （ B） Supportive. （ C） Opposing. （ D） Neutral. （ A） More detailed labeling. （ B） Simple labeling. （ C） Precise labeling. （ D） Basic labeling. Section C （ A） Poverty. （ B） Diseases. （ C） Bro
9、ken marriage. （ D） Failure. （ A） The highest scholarship in the college. （ B） A fear of failure or a desire for success. （ C） A high praise from teachers and parents. （ D） The desire for a good job or a big house. （ A） The most successful days with lots of honor. （ B） Very gloomy days due to a broke
10、n marriage. （ C） A dark period with a lot of failures in her life. （ D） Fancy days with lots of amazing experiences. （ A） There are more male geniuses than female geniuses. （ B） People with better nutrition are much more intelligent （ C） Females have weaker mathematical ability in some fields. （ D）
11、Males are not so intelligent as females in literary creation. （ A） Historical difference between sexes has partially vanished. （ B） SAT, EXPLORE, and ACT are substitutes for TIP. （ C） Only gifted male can score in the top 5% in America （ D） TIP is better than SAT in selecting the talented students.
12、（ A） Boys have the same intelligence as the most intelligent girls. （ B） Boys have a great advantage in the test of verbal reasoning. （ C） IQ difference between the sexes is increasing little by little. （ D） Boys are better at math than girls but the gap is narrowing. （ A） They cant talk so they can
13、t produce any speech. （ B） They can only produce the sound of “R“ at first. （ C） They cant discriminate English and Japanese at all. （ D） They have the amazing sensibility to the statistics. （ A） They can flip between-the two sets of statistics in their mind. （ B） They are born with the capability o
14、f mastering two languages. （ C） They have far better memory than monolingual people. （ D） They can learn two languages well at any period of their life. （ A） Compared the bilinguals with the monolinguals. （ B） Put American babies in Chinese families. （ C） Exposed American babies to a new language. （
15、 D） Taught Taiwanese babies English in Seattle. （ A） To have them draw a graph of the test scores of the testing group. （ B） To confirm only coming to the lab cant improve Mandarin. （ C） To compete with the testing group in learning a new language. （ D） To prove they are not so sensitive to the stat
16、istics on Mandarin. Section A 26 Secondhand smoke is accountable for 42,000 deaths annually to nonsmokers in the United States, including nearly 900 infants, according to a new study. Altogether, annual deaths from secondhand smoke【 C1】 _ nearly 600,000 years of potential life lostan average of 14.2
17、 years per personand $6.6 billion in lost productivity,【 C2】_ to $158,000 per death, report the researchers. The new research reveals that despite public health efforts to reduce tobacco use, secondhand smoke continues to【 C3】 _ a grievous toll on nonsmokers. “In general, fewer people are smoking an
18、d many have made lifestyle changes, but our research shows that the impacts of secondhand smoke are【 C4】 _ very large,“ said lead author Wendy Max, PhD, professor of health economics at the University of California. “The【 C5】 _ of information on biomarker-measured (生物指标测量 ) exposure allows us to mor
19、e accurately assess the impact of secondhand smoke exposure on health and productivity. The impact is particularly great for communities of color.“ Exposure to secondhand smoke is linked to a number of【 C6】 _ illnesses including heart and lung disease, as well as conditions affecting newborns such a
20、s low birth weight and respiratory distress syndrome. In the research, the scientists【 C7】_ the economic implications years of potential life lost and the value of lost productivityon different racial and ethnic groups. “Our study probably underestimates the true economic impact of secondhand smoke
21、on【 C8】 _ ,“ said Max. “The toll is substantial, with communities of color having the greatest【 C9】 _ . Interventions need to be designed to reduce the health and economic burden of smoking on smokers and nonsmokers alike, and on particularly【 C10】 _ groups.“ A) losses E) adhering I) fatal M) amount
22、ing B) turbulent F) generalized J) henceforth N) vulnerable C) nonetheless G) take K) mortality O) gauged D) availability H) triumphs L) represent 27 【 C1】 28 【 C2】 29 【 C3】 30 【 C4】 31 【 C5】 32 【 C6】 33 【 C7】 34 【 C8】 35 【 C9】 36 【 C10】 Section B 36 The Industrial Revolution A The Industrial Revolu
23、tion is the name given to the massive social, economic, and technological change in 18th century and 19th century Great Britain. It commenced with the introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered, automated machinery (primarily in textile manufacturing). B The technological an
24、d economic progress of the Industrial Revolution gained driving force with the introduction of steam-powered ships, boats and railways. In the 19th Century it spread throughout Western Europe and North America, eventually impacting the rest of the world. Causes C The causes of the Industrial Revolut
25、ion were complex and remain a topic for debate, with some historians seeing the Revolution as an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought forth by the final end of feudalism in Great Britain following the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure movement and the British Agri
26、cultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labor-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find employment in agriculture into the cities to seek work in the newly developed factories. The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying developm
27、ent of international trade, creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital is also cited as a set of factors, as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century. The importance of a large domestic market should also be considered an important cause catalyst (催化剂 ) of the Industrial Revol
28、ution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations (e.g. France), markets were split up by local regions often imposing tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them. The restructuring of the American domestic market would trigger the second Industrial Revolution over 100 yea
29、rs later. Effects D The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing, which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political participation. Universal white male suffrage (参政权 ) was adopted in the Un
30、ited States, resulting in the election of the popular General Andrew Jackson in 1828 and the creation of political parties organized for mass participation in elections. In the United Kingdom, the Reform Act 1832 addressed the concentration of population in districts with almost no representation in
31、 Parliament, expanding the electorate (选区 ), leading to the founding of modern political parties and initiating a series of reforms which would continue into the 20th century. In France, the July Revolution widened the franchise (公民 . 权 ) and established a constitutional monarchy. Belgium establishe
32、d its independence from the Netherlands, as a constitutional monarchy, in 1830. Struggles for liberal reforms in Switzerlands various cantons (州 ) in the 1830s had mixed results. A further series of attempts at political reform or revolution would sweep Europe in 1848, with mixed results, and initia
33、ted massive migration to North America, as well as parts of South America, South Africa, and Australia. Textile Manufacture E In the early 18th century, British textile manufacture was based on wool which was processed by individual artisans (工匠 ), doing the spinning and weaving on their own premise
34、s. This system is called a cottage industry. Flax (亚麻 ) and cotton were also used for fine materials, but the processing was difficult because of the pre-processing needed, and thus goods in these materials made only a small proportion of the output Use of the spinning wheel and hand loom restricted
35、 the production capacity of the industry, but a number of advances increased productivity to the extent that manufactured cotton goods became the dominant British export by the early decades of the 19th century. India was displaced as the premier supplier of cotton goods. Step by step, individual in
36、ventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning (carding, twisting and spinning, and subsequently rolling) so that the supply of yarn fed a weaving industry that itself was advancing with improvements to shuttles and the loom or “frame“. The output of an individual labourer incr
37、eased dramatically, with the effect that these new machines were seen as a threat to employment, and early innovators were attacked and their inventions wrecked. The inventors often failed to exploit their inventions, and fell on hard times. F To capitalize upon these advances, it took a class of en
38、trepreneurs, of which the most famous is Richard Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually the products of such as Thomas Highs and John Kay; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines. He created the
39、cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he developed the use of powerfirst horse power, then water power and finally steam powerwhich made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry. Why Europe? G One question that has been of active interest to historians is why
40、the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world, particularly China Numerous factors have been suggested including ecology, government, and culture. Benjamin Elman argues that China was in a high level equilibrium (平衡 ) trap in which the non-industrial methods were e
41、fficient enough to prevent use of industrial methods with high capital costs. H Kenneth Pommeranz, in The Great Divergence, argues that Europe and China were remarkably similar in 1700, and that the crucial differences which created the Industrial Revolution in Europe were sources of coal near manuf
42、acturing centres and raw materials such as food and wood from the New World which allowed Europe to economically expand in a way that China could not. Indeed, a combination of all these factors is possible. Why Great Britain? I The debate around the concept of the initial startup of the Industrial R
43、evolution also concerns the thirty-to-hundred-year lead the British had over the continental European countries and America. Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources the United Kingdom received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade be
44、tween Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment. Alternatively, the greater liberalization of trade from a large merchant base may have been able to utilize scientific and technological developments emerging in the UK and elsewhere more effectively than other states with stronger mo
45、narchies, such as Russias Tzars. The UKs extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already open for many forms of early manufactured goods. The nature of conflict in the period resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of terri
46、torial conquest impacting much of the rest of Europe. J Another theory believes that Great Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to its dense population for its small geographical size, and the availability of natural resources like copper, tin and coal, giving excellent condi
47、tions for the development and expansion of industry. Furthermore, the stable political situation, in addition to the greater receptiveness of the society (as compared to other European countries) are reasons that add to this theory, enhancing its plausibility. K Reinforcement of confidence in the ru
48、le of law, which followed the establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Great Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1689, and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the National Debt by the Bank of England, contributed to the capacity for, and
49、interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures. L This argument has, on the whole, tended to neglect the fact that several inventors and entrepreneurs were rational free thinkers or “Philosophers“ typical of a certain class of British intellectuals in the late 18th century, and were by no means normal church goers or members of religious sects. Examples of these free thinkers were the Lunar Society of Birmingham (which flourished from 1765 to 1809). Its members were exceptional
