1、大学英语六级（ 2013年 12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 68及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On the Importance of Robots to the Development of Society. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below. Write your essay on Answer sheet 1. 1有
2、人说机器人对人类未来的发展很重要 2也有人觉得它们会对社会产生负面影响 3我认为 On the Importance of Robots to the Development of Society Section A （ A） Her husband is willing to tell stories to children. （ B） Her husband is not as helpful as the man thinks. （ C） Her children are easy to be scared. （ D） Her children like listening to sto
3、ries. （ A） The girl is not beautiful. （ B） The girl does not wear enough. （ C） The girl is moody. （ D） The girl has a fever. （ A） Keep on driving. （ B） Permit his daughter to drive. （ C） Show driving skills to his daughter. （ D） Teach his daughter how to drive. （ A） What the man booked is a single r
4、oom. （ B） The man and his wife want to check out. （ C） A single room cant be changed for a double. （ D） There is no double room to change now. （ A） He believes he is the best player. （ B） He wants to go out with the woman. （ C） Those players have a bad performance. （ D） Those players should play wit
5、h him. （ A） Have a big deal with the woman. （ B） Take the paper out of the copy machine. （ C） Buy a new copy machine. （ D） Ask someone to repair the copy machine. （ A） The woman likes classical music. （ B） The woman is a Beethoven fan. （ C） The man is in a bad mood. （ D） The man likes Jazz music. （
6、A） He keeps exercises. （ B） He tries running. （ C） He eats less meat. （ D） He only eats fruit. （ A） Renting an apartment. （ B） Signing a contract. （ C） Having an advertisement in paper. （ D） Paying bills for utilities. （ A） How much the renting price is. （ B） How long the renting time is. （ C） What
7、utilities are included in the rental. （ D） What kitchen equipment it offers. （ A） Microwave ovens and fridges. （ B） Kitchen equipment. （ C） A closed circuit TV. （ D） Utilities bills. （ A） She hasnt started her essay. （ B） She has finished her essay. （ C） She has done some research. （ D） She is writi
8、ng the essay. （ A） A car manufacturing corporation. （ B） The solutions to the car industry problems. （ C） The history of the car manufacturing industry. （ D） Marketing and sales strategy. （ A） Search more information in the library. （ B） Cut out part of the essay. （ C） Change the essays topic. （ D）
9、Widen the range of the essays title. （ A） Drop in a hard copy to his office. （ B） E-mail it to him as an attachment. （ C） Give it to his secretary. （ D） Post it to his company. Section B （ A） As a cultural symbol. （ B） As a religious sacrifice. （ C） As a social member. （ D） As a medical treatment. （
10、 A） It goes quickly into the bloodstream. （ B） It goes from the stomach to the liver. （ C） It exerts its influence on the brain first. （ D） It pumps itself into the heart immediately. （ A） One or two drinks a meal. （ B） One or two drinks a day. （ C） One or two drinks a month. （ D） One or two drinks
11、a year. （ A） Alcohol use. （ B） Childhood abuse. （ C） Unsafe driving. （ D） Bad eating habit. （ A） By developing advanced technology. （ B） By providing financial support. （ C） By installing government-certified software. （ D） By protecting their trade secrets well. （ A） Cutting the employees wages. （
12、B） Unplanned factory closure. （ C） Losing business partners trust. （ D） Getting into more competitive position. （ A） Famous companies can also be the victims of cyber-attacks. （ B） Government websites are more likely to be targets of cyber-attacks. （ C） Cases of cyber-attacks increased greatly since
13、 2006. （ D） Most cyber-attacks occur in advanced technological areas. （ A） By spending less on health care. （ B） By feeding less people. （ C） By having more work labors. （ D） By receiving more donations. （ A） Because of the shortage of medical workers. （ B） Because of the unsuccessful trial in Asia.
14、 （ C） Because of the contradiction with traditional culture. （ D） Because of the economic and financial stress. （ A） Better education among children. （ B） Some decrease of abortion rates. （ C） More sterility cases among women. （ D） Appearance of more wealthy families. Section C 26 It is true that th
15、e group interactions have both positive and negative sides. When we【 B1】 _, conflict cannot be gotten rid of. Having open discussion of conflict doesnt always bring advantages. It may【 B2】 _negative effects, reducing【 B3】_and lowering job satisfaction. During the work we found that the conflict can【
16、 B4】 _task conflicts and relationship conflicts. These two kinds of conflicts are different that the first one occurs when there are disagreements in completing the tasks; however, relationship conflict is initiated by【 B5】 _interpersonal relationships and is linked with friction and tension. Relati
17、onship conflict is considered to【 B6】 _performance because it leads to negative emotions, destructive behaviors and distraction. Some researches show that task conflicts can improve the performance as it【 B7】 _evaluation of assumptions, open expression. Therefore generating better solutions becomes
18、easy. Conflicts and relationship negatively have something to do with individuals satisfaction. The members want to stay in the group, favoring of other group members. The regular patterns are like this: when we are doing very【 B8】 _tasks, it is not good to group functioning, as many disagreements c
19、ome out. On the contrary, when the group【 B9】 _non-routine tasks, disagreements wont have detrimental(不利的 )effects, and in some extent, disagreements are beneficial to the tasks. While discussion of conflict is not always advantageous and norms are linked with an increase in the number and intensity
20、 of relationship conflicts, they did not increase members ability to deal with the conflicts【 B10】 _. 27 【 B1】 28 【 B2】 29 【 B3】 30 【 B4】 31 【 B5】 32 【 B6】 33 【 B7】 34 【 B8】 35 【 B9】 36 【 B10】 Section A 36 At age 17, as a senior in high school, Kavita Shukla filed for her second patent; a piece of p
21、aper that would transform how food is stored and kept fresh. Ten years later, her product is being used in 35 countries, has been called “the【 C1】 _paper“ and was recently launched in Whole Foods. Fresh Paper is infused with organic spices that inhibit【 C2】 _and fungal growth; when stored with produ
22、ce, it can keep food fresh two to four times longer than normal like refrigeration without electricity. The spice mixture comes from an old family recipe passed along by Shuklas grandmother, who once gave it to her after she【 C3】 _drank tap water on a visit to India. “ Drink this and you wont get si
23、ck,“ she was told. On Friday, Shukla was joined onstage at the Women in the World Summit in New York by Rula Jebreal, a【 C4】 _and foreign-policy expert at MSNBC(微软全国有线广播电视公司 ). Jebreal lamented the fact that while the worlds farmers actually produce enough food to feed the worlds hungry, 13 billion
24、tons of food are lost annually to spoilage. Whats more, some 1. 6 billion people currently living without【 C5】_to refrigeration struggle to keep their diets healthy. Shuklas company, Fenugreen, which she started in 2010, 【 C6】 _these people, along with food banks and small-scale farmers. “For so man
25、y people, this was about so much more than a piece of paper,“ she said. “ It was about empowerment. “ Jebreal praised a low-tech solution in an era when many【 C7】 _are relying on high-tech innovation. “What if I had【 C8】 _it as too simple?“ Shukla asked. “Simple ideas are the ones that have the powe
26、r to change things.and they have the power to【 C9】 _. “ For Fresh Paper, simplicity meant accessibility, which was key to【 C10】 _the product reached anyone who could benefit from it. As the discussion drew to a close, Shukla reminded inventors everywhere that complicated isnt always better: “ Dont e
27、ver discount your own simple idea. “ A)access I)innovators B)accidentally J)miracle C)average K)occasionally D)bacterial L)spread E)dismissed M)targets F)ensuring N)transmit G)guarantee O)triggers H)host 37 【 C1】 38 【 C2】 39 【 C3】 40 【 C4】 41 【 C5】 42 【 C6】 43 【 C7】 44 【 C8】 45 【 C9】 46 【 C10】 Secti
28、on B 46 How “Second Brain“ Influences Mood and Well-Being AAs Olympians go for the gold in Vancouver, even the steeliest are likely to experience that familiar feeling of “butterflies“ in the stomach. Underlying this sensation is an often-overlooked network of neurons(神经元 )lining our guts that is so
29、 extensive some scientists have nicknamed it our “second brain“. A deeper understanding of this mass of neural tissue is revealing that it does much more than merely handle digestion or inflict the occasional nervous pang. The little brain in our gut, in connection with the big one in our head, part
30、ly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body. BAlthough its influence is far-reaching, the second brain is not the seat of any conscious thoughts or decision-making. “ The second brain doesnt help with the great thought processes . religion, philosophy a
31、nd poetry is left to the brain in the head,“ says Michael Gershon, chairman of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, author of the 1998 book The Second Brain. CTechnically known as the enteric(肠内的 )nervous system, the second
32、brain consists of covers of neurons embedded in the walls of the long tube of our gut, which measures about nine meters end to end. The second brain contains some 100 million neurons, Gershon says. This multitude of neurons in the enteric nervous system enables us to “feel“ the inner world of our gu
33、t and its contents. Much of this neural firepower comes to bear in the elaborate daily grind of digestion. Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling of waste requires chemical processing, mechanical mixing and rhythmic muscle contractions that move everything on down the line. DThus equ
34、ipped with its own reactions and senses, the second brain can control gut behavior independently of the brain, Gershon says. We likely evolved this intricate web of nerves to perform digestion and ejection “ on site,“ rather than remotely from our brains through the middleman of the spinal cord(脊髓 )
35、. “The brain in the head doesnt need to get its hands dirty with the messy business of digestion, which is delegated to the brain in the gut,“ Gershon says. He and other researchers explain, however, that the second brains complexity likely cannot be interpreted through this process alone. E“ The sy
36、stem is way too complicated to have evolved only to make sure things move out of your bowel,“ says Emeran Mayer, professor of physiology, psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles(U. C. L. A.). For example, scientists we
37、re shocked to learn that about 90 percent of the fibers in the primary gut nerve, the vagus(迷走神经 ), carry information from the gut to the brain and not the other way around. “Some of that information is decidedly unpleasant,“ Gershon says. FThe second brain informs our state of mind in other more ob
38、scure ways, as well. “A big part of our emotions are probably influenced by the nerves in our gut,“ Mayer says. Butterflies in the stomach signaling in the gut as part of our physiological stress response, Gershon says is but one example. Although gastrointestinal(肠胃 )(GI)chaos can sour ones moods,
39、everyday emotional well-being may rely on messages from the brain below to the brain above. For example, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve a useful treatment for depression may mimic these signals, Gershon says. GGiven the two brains commonalities, other depression treatments that target the
40、 mind can unintentionally impact the gut. The enteric nervous system uses more than 30 neurotransmitters, just like the brain, and in fact 95 percent of the bodys serotonin(血清素 )is found in the bowels. Because antidepressant medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(选择性五羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 )(
41、SSRIs)increase serotonin levels, its little wonder that meds(椎间盘镜 )meant to cause chemical changes in the mind often provoke GI issues as a side effect. Irritable bowel syndrome which afflicts more than two million Americans also arises in part from too much serotonin in our guts, and could perhaps
42、be regarded as a “mental illness“ of the second brain. HScientists are learning that the serotonin made by the enteric nervous system might also play a role in more surprising diseases: In a new Nature Medicine study published online February 7, a drug that inhibited the release of serotonin from th
43、e gut counteracted the bone-deteriorating disease osteoporosis(骨质疏松症 ). “It was totally unexpected that the gut would regulate bone mass to the extent that one could use this regulation to cure osteoporosis,“ says Gerard Karsenty, lead author of the study and chair of the Department of Genetics and
44、Development at Columbia University Medical Center. ISerotonin penetrating from the second brain might even play some part in autism(孤独症 ), the developmental disorder often first noticed in early childhood. Gershon has discovered that the same genes involved in synapse formation(突触形成 )between neurons
45、 in the brain are involved in the digestive synapse formation. “ If these genes are affected in autism,“ he says, “ it could explain why so many kids with autism have GI motor abnormalities in addition to elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood. “ JDown the road, the blossoming fiel
46、d of neurogastroenterology will likely offer some new insight into the workings of the second brain and its impact on the body and mind. “ We have never systematically looked at the enteric nervous system in relating damages in it to diseases like they have for the central nervous system“, Gershon s
47、ays. One day, perhaps there will be well-known connections between diseases and damages in the guts nervous system as some in the brain and spinal cord today indicate multiple sclerosis KCutting-edge research is currently investigating how the second brain mediates the bodys immune response; after a
48、ll, at least 70 percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut to expel and kill foreign invaders. U. C. L. A. s Mayer is doing work on how the trillions of bacteria in the gut “communicate“ with enteric nervous system cells(which they greatly outnumber). His work with the enteric nervous system h
49、as led him to think that in coming years psychiatry will need to expand to treat the second brain in addition to the one above the shoulders. LSo for those physically skilled and mentally strong enough to compete in the Olympic Games as well as those watching at home it may well necessary for us all to pay more heed to our so-called “ gut feelings“ in the future. 47 The second brain does not deal with the activities
