1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 81及答案与解析 Section C 0 There are three kinds of goals: short-term, medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities, which we can apply on a daily basis. Such goals can be achieved in a week or less, or two weeks, or possible mo
2、nths. It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation, our long-term goals cannot amount to very much without the achievement of solid short-term goals. Upon completing our short-term goals, we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will bu
3、ild on those that have been completed. The intermediate goals bulk on the foundation of the short-range goals. They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year, or they could even extend for several years. Any time you move a step at a time, you should never allow yourself to b
4、ecome discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step, you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow and succeed. And as your list of completion dates grow, your motivation and desire will increase. Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years
5、or more. Life is not a static thing. We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. 1 Our long-term goals mean a lot_. （ A） if we complete our short-range goals （ B） if we cannot reach solid short-term goals （ C） if we write down the dates （ D） if we put forward some pla
6、ns 2 New short-term goals are build upon_. （ A） two years （ B） long-term goals （ C） current activities （ D） the goals that have been completed 3 When we complete each step of our goals,_. （ A） we will win final success （ B） we are overwhelmed （ C） we should build up confidence of success （ D） we sho
7、uld have strong desire for setting new goals 4 Once our goals are drawn up,_. （ A） we should stick to them until we complete them （ B） we may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunities （ C） we had better wait for the exciting news of success （ D） we have made great decision 5 It is impl
8、ied but not stated in the passage that_. （ A） those who have long-term goals will succeed （ B） writing down the dates may discourage you （ C） the goal is only a guide for us to reach our destination （ D） every one should have a goal 5 In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fighters.
9、 We are pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice. Ive twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids college background as a prize demonstrating
10、 how well weve raised them. But we cant acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them. So we ve contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn t matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford. We have a full-blown prestige pa
11、nic; we worry that there wont be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education an
12、d develop better contacts. All that is plausible,and mostly wrong. We havent found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools dont systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools. On two measuresprofessors feedback and the number
13、 of essay exams selective schools do slightly worse. By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates lifetime earnings. The gain is reckoned at 2%4% for every 100-point increase in a schools average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke. A well-known study
14、 examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools. Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But its not the only indicator and, paradoxically,
15、 its significance is declining. The reason is that so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life only competition. Old-boy networks are breaking down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D. program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got i
16、n; degrees of prestigious universities didnt. So, parents, lighten up. The stakes have been vastly exaggerated. Up to a point, we can rationalize our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that, but too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose o
17、n our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints. 6 Why do
18、 parents urge their children to apply to more school than ever? （ A） They hope their children can enter a university that offers attractive scholarships. （ B） They want to increase their children s chances of entering a prestigious college. （ C） Their children will have a wider choice of which colle
19、ge to go to. （ D） Elite universities now enroll fewer students than they used to. 7 Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars? （ A） They have the final say in which university their children are to attend. （ B） They know best which universities are mos
20、t suitable for their children. （ C） They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application. （ D） They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves. 8 What does Kruegers study tell us? （ A） Connections built in prestigious universit
21、ies may be sustained long after graduation. （ B） Degrees of prestigious universities do not guarantee entry to graduate programs. （ C） Graduates from prestigious universities do not care much about their GRE scores. （ D） Getting into Ph.D. programs may be more competitive than getting into college.
22、9 What does the author mean by kids count more than their college? （ A） Kids actual abilities are more important than their college background. （ B） Kids happiness should be valued more than their education. （ C） Continuing education is more important to a person success. （ D） What kids learn at col
23、lege cannot keep up with job market requirements. 10 One possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that_. （ A） they earn less than their peers from other institutions （ B） they turn out to be less competitive in the job market （ C） they overemphasize their qualifications in job
24、application （ D） they experience more job dissatisfaction after graduation 10 Man is endlessly inventive. But his greatest invention is non-invention, the skill of transmitting intact(完美无损的 )and unchanged from one generation to the next the fundamental ways of doing things which he learned from the
25、generation which preceded him. Children are conceived and reared, houses built, fish caught, and enemies killed in much the same way by most of the members of any society; and these patterns are maintained for relatively long periods of time. From the perspective of those in each new generation, and
26、 for the society as an enduring, historical entity(统一体 ), this process of cultural transmission yields enormous economy. Thanks to it, each generation need not rediscover at great cost in time and subject to great risk of failure, what those coming before have already learned. Not only is knowledge
27、thus conserved, but the basis for communal life, resting on common information and understanding is thus established. Since all those in each generation receive more or less the same cultural heritage from the preceding generation, they can more easily relate to one another and more effectively coor
28、dinate their actions. The grand total of all the objects, ideas, knowledge, ways of doing things, habits values, and attitudes which each generation in a society passes on to the next is what the anthropologist often refers to as the culture of a group. The transmission of culture is man s substitut
29、e for the instincts(本能 )whereby most other living creatures are equipped with the means for coping with their environment and relating to one another. Yet it is more flexible than instinct, and can grow; that is, it can store new information, infinitely more rapidly than the process of mutation and
30、biological evolution can enrich the instinctual storehouse of any other species. 11 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） The relation between culture and invention. （ B） The transmission of human culture. （ C） The history of human civilization. （ D） The biological evolution of man. 12 Which of
31、 the following is NOT included in the meaning of culture according to the passage? （ A） Knowledge of various disciplines. （ B） Production technology. （ C） Ways of living, life habits and values. （ D） Biological instincts. 13 The word “heritage“ as used in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_. （ A）
32、history （ B） civilization （ C） tradition （ D） feature 14 According to the first paragraph, all of the following statements can be accepted EXCEPT that_. （ A） man is always inventive （ B） learning from the preceding generation saves much effort （ C） non-invention is a technique of learning skills fro
33、m the preceding generation （ D） non-invention is always contrary to invention 15 In the last sentence of the passage, the author implies, but does not directly state, that_. （ A） human culture can further develop and grow （ B） biological evolution can improve the instinct of creatures （ C） Culture t
34、ransmission is more flexible and can grow more rapidly than instinc （ D） the instinct of living creatures may also grow, but at a much slower pace 15 As regards social conventions, we must say a word about the well-known English class system. This is an embarrassing subject for English people, and o
35、ne they tend to be ashamed of, though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less, and the class system less rigid. But it still exists below the surface. Broadly speaking, it means there are two classes, the “middle class“ and the “working class“.(We shall ignore for a mo
36、ment the old “upper class“, including the hereditary aristocracy, since it is extremely small in numbers; but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords, and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.)The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessm
37、en and professional people of all kinds. The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers. The most obvious difference between them is in their accent. Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds of “received pronunciation“ which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers a
38、nd taught to overseas pupils. Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated. One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system. To have been to a so-called “public school“ immedia
39、tely marks you out as one of the middle class. The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people, and are usually more cultured. Their midday meal is “lunch“ and they have a rather formal evening meal called “dinner“, whereas the working mans dinner, if his working hours p
40、ermit, is at midday, and his smaller, late-evening meal is called supper. As we have said, however, the class system is much less rigid than it was, and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions. Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and
41、 enter the professions, and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However, regardless of one s social status, certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody, and a well-bred person is polite to eve
42、ryone he meets, and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman. Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike. Even the word “sir“, except in school and in certain occupations(e.g. commerce, the army, etc.)sounds too servile to be commonly used. 16 The middle class
43、mainly refers to people_. （ A） who were born as aristocrat （ B） who have the right to sit in the House of Lords （ C） who speak in many different local accents （ D） who are prosperous businessmen or who work in some professions 17 The most obvious difference between the working class and the middle c
44、lass in English is their_. （ A） dress （ B） work （ C） accent （ D） meal 18 Why isn t the word “sir“ commonly used in Britain? （ A） Because it sounds too servile and is likely to cause embarrassment. （ B） Because it can only be used in some certain occupations. （ C） Because it is an impolite word. （ D）
45、 Because it shows that the speaker is not a well-bred person. 19 The “upper class“ in England today_. （ A） are extremely small in number so that media pays no attention to them （ B） still use old words like sir in their everyday life （ C） include the hereditary aristocracy （ D） refer only to the roy
46、al family 20 Which of the following is NOT true about the English class system? （ A） It is an embarrassing subject for English people. （ B） Working-class students cannot receive a university education. （ C） The class system is much less rigid than it was. （ D） The class system still exists below the
47、 surface. 大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 81答案与解析 Section C 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 1 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节题。短文第一段指出 our long-term goals cannot amount to very muchwithout the achievement of solid short-term goals。意为：长期目标 是否有意义，取决于我们是否打好了基础，即是否完成了短期目标。故选项 A正确。 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 2 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 细节题。短文第一段最后一句指出 then add new short-ter
48、m goals that willbuild on those that have been completed。由此可知我们应该根据已完成的目标来确立新的短期目标。故答案为 D。 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 3 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 细节题。短文第二段指出 As you complete each step， you will enforce thebelief in your ability to grow and succeed即每完成一步。你就会更加相信你成长和成功的能力。故选项 C正确。 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 4 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 细节题。短文最后两句指出 Li
49、fe is not a static thing We should never allowa long-term goal to limit us or our course of action即人生不会静止不变。我们决不应当让目标束缚我们的手脚，限制我们的行动进程。由此可知目标不是固定不变的，人们根据需要改变目标。故选项 B正确。 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 5 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 推断题。短文主要讲述了三种目标的特点和作用，同时也指出了树立目标的重要性。由此可推断，作者认为每一个人都应该确立一个目标。故选项D正确。 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 6 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 细节题。文中第二段提到， Underlying the hysteria is the belief that scarceelite degrees must be highly valuable，即家长让孩子申请更多的学校，是因为他们相信稀有的精英学历一定更有价值。申请更多的好学校，被录取的机会就会更多，故选 B。其中 C选项很有迷惑性，申请更多的学校，主要是为了孩子可以进更好的大学，而不
