1、托福（阅读）模拟试卷 4及答案与解析 一、 Sections Three： Reading Comprehension 0 “Social Readjustment Scales“ Holmes and Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress. A The scale assigns numerical values to 43 major life events that are supposed to reflect the m
2、agnitude of the readjustment required by each change. In responding to the scale, respondents are asked to indicate how often they experienced any of these 43 events during a certain time period (typically, the past year). The person then adds up the numbers associated with each event checked. B The
3、 SRRS and similar scales have been used in thousands of studies by researchers all over the world. C Overall, these studies have shown that people with higher scores on the SRRS tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illness and many types of psychological problems as well. D More rece
4、ntly, however, experts have criticized this research, citing problems with the methods used and raising questions about the meaning of the findings. First, the assumption that the SRRS measures change exclusively has been shown to be inaccurate. We now have ample evidence that the desirability of ev
5、ents affects adaptational outcomes more than the amount of change that they require. Thus, it seems prudent to view the SRRS as a measure of diverse forms of stress, rather than as a measure of change-related stress. Second, the SRRS fails to take into account differences among people in their subje
6、ctive perception of how stressful an event is. For instance, while divorce may deserve a stress value of 73 for most people, a particular persons divorce might generate much less stress and merit a value of only 25. Third, many of the events listed on the SRRS and similar scales are highly ambiguous
7、, leading people to be inconsistent as to which events they report experiencing. For instance, what qualifies as “trouble with the boss“? Should you check that because youre sick and tired of your supervisor? What constitutes a “change in living conditions“? Does your purchase of a great new sound s
8、ystem qualify? As you can see, the SRRS includes many “events“ that are described inadequately, producing considerable ambiguity about the meaning of ones response. Problems in recalling events over a period of a year also lead to inconsistent responding on stress scales, thus lowering their reliabi
9、lity. Fourth, the SRRS does not sample from the domain of stressful events very thoroughly. Do the 43 events listed on the SRRS exhaust all the major stresses that people typically experience? Studies designed to explore that question have found many significant omissions. Fifth, the correlation bet
10、ween SRRS scores and health outcomes may be inflated because subjects neuroticism affects both their responses to stress scales and their self-reports of health problems. Neurotic individuals have a tendency to recall more stress than others and to recall more symptoms of illness than others. These
11、tendencies mean that some of the correlation between high stress and high illness may simply reflect the effects of subjects neuroticism. The possible contaminating effects of neuroticism obscure the meaning of scores on the SRRS and similar measures of stress. The Life Experiences Survey In the lig
12、ht of these problems, a number of researchers have attempted to develop improved versions of the SRRS. For example, the Life Experiences Survey (LES), assembled by Irwin Sarason and colleagues, has become a widely used measure of stress in contemporary research. The LES revises and builds on the SRR
13、S survey in a variety of ways that correct, at least in part, most of the problems just discussed. Specifically, the LES recognizes that stress involves more than mere change and asks respondents to indicate whether events had a positive or negative impact on them. This strategy permits the computat
14、ion of positive change, negative change, and total change scores, which helps researchers gain much more insight into which facets of stress are most crucial. The LES also takes into consideration differences among people in their appraisal of stress, by dropping the normative weights and replacing
15、them with personally assigned weightings of the impact of relevant events. Ambiguity in items is decreased by providing more elaborate descriptions of many items to clarify their meaning. The LES deals with the failure of the SRRS to sample the full domain of stressful events in several ways. First,
16、 some significant omissions from the SRRS have been added to the LES. Second, the LES allows the respondent to write in personally important events that are not included on the scale. Third, the LES has an extra section just for students. Sarason and colleagues suggest that special, tailored section
17、s of this sort be added for specific populations whenever it is useful. 1 Based on the information in paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, what can be inferred about a person with a score of 30 on the SRRS? （ A） A person with a higher score will experience less stress than this person will. （ B） It is likel
18、y that this person has not suffered any major problems in the past year. （ C） The amount of positive change is greater than that of a person with a score of 40. （ D） This person has a greater probability to be ill than a person with a 20 score. 2 The word they in the passage refers to （ A） changes （
19、 B） measures （ C） events （ D） outcomes 3 The word diverse in the passage is closest in meaning to （ A） necessary （ B） steady （ C） limited （ D） different 4 In paragraph 4, the author uses divorce as an example to show （ A） how most people respond to high stress situations in their lives （ B） the seri
20、ous nature of a situation that is listed as a stressful event （ C） the subjective importance of a situation listed on the scale （ D） the numerical value for a stressful event on the SRRS 5 In paragraph 5, how does the author demonstrate that the response events on the SRRS are not consistent? （ A） B
21、y asking questions that could be answered in more than one way （ B） By giving examples of responses that are confusing （ C） By comparing several ways to score the stress scales （ D） By suggesting that people do not respond carefully 6 According to paragraph 7, why is the SRRS inappropriate for peopl
22、e with neuroses? （ A） They are ill more often, which affects their scores on the scale. （ B） Their self-reporting on the scale is affected by their neuroses. （ C） They tend to suffer more stress than people without neuroses. （ D） Their response to stress will probably not be recorded on the scale. 7
23、 The word assembled in the passage is closest in meaning to （ A） announced （ B） influenced （ C） arranged （ D） distributed 8 The word relevant in the passage is closest in meaning to （ A） occasional （ B） modern （ C） related （ D） unusual 9 According to paragraph 9, why does the LES ask respondents to
24、classify change as positive or negative? （ A） To analyze the long-term consequences of change （ B） To determine which aspects of change are personally significant （ C） To explain why some people handle stress better than others （ D） To introduce normative weighting of stress events 10 According to t
25、he passage, which of the following is true about the SRRS as compared with the LES? （ A） The SRRS includes a space to write in personal events that have not been listed. （ B） The SRRS features a section for specific populations such as students. （ C） The SRRS assigns numbers to calculate the stress
26、associated with events. （ D） The SRRS has hints to help people recall events that happened over a year ago. 11 Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the authors opinion of the SRRS? （ A） There are many problems associated with it. （ B） It is superior to the LES. （ C） It should b
27、e studied more carefully. （ D） The scale is most useful for students. 12 Look at the four squares that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. This sum is an index of the amount of change-related stress the person has recently experienced. Where could the sentence best be
28、 added? Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passage. 13 Complete the table by matching the phrases on the left with the headings on the right. Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the surveys to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This questio
29、n is worth 4 points. To delete an answer choice, click on it. To see the passage, click on View Text. Answer Choices A Limits the events to forty-three major life changes B Calculates subscores for negative and positive changes C Must be taken twice in one year for a reliable score D Incorporates a
30、space to write in additional events E Provides for subjective interpretation of the changes F Is no longer being used by psychologists G Includes sections for specialized populations H Consists of a scale developed in the 1960s I Assigns a standard numerical value to events SRRS - - -LES - - - - 13
31、“Resources and Industrialism in Canada“ While the much-anticipated expansion of the western frontier was unfolding in accordance with the design of the National Policy, a new northern frontier was opening up to enhance the prospects of Canadian industrial development. A Long the preserve of the fur
32、trade, the Canadian Shield and the western Cordilleras became a treasury of minerals, timber and hydroelectric power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As early as 1883, CPR Canadian Pacific Railway construction crews blasting through the rugged terrain of northern Ontario discovered copper
33、and nickel deposits in the vicinity of Sudbury. B As refining processes, uses, and markets for the metal developed, Sudbury became the worlds largest nickel producer. The building of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway led to the discovery of rich silver deposits around Cobalt north of Lake
34、 Nipissing in 1903 and touched off a mining boom that spread northward to Kirkland Lake and the Porcupine district. C Although the economic importance of these mining operations was enduring, they did not capture the public imagination to the same extent as the Klondike gold rush of the late 1890s.
35、D Fortune-seekers from all parts of the world flocked to the Klondike and Yukon River valleys to pan for gold starting in 1896. At the height of the gold rush in 1898, the previously unsettled subarctic frontier had a population of about 30,000, more than half of which was concentrated in the newly
36、established town of Dawson. In the same year, the federal government created the Yukon Territory, administered by an appointed commissioner, in an effort to ward off the prospect of annexation to Alaska. Even if the economic significance of the Klondike strike was somewhat exaggerated and short-live
37、d, the tales of sudden riches, heroic and tragic exploits, and the rowdiness and lawlessness of the mining frontier were immortalized through popular fiction and folklore, notably the poetic verses of Robert W. Service. Perhaps less romantic than the mining booms, the exploitation of forest and wate
38、r resources was just as vital to national development. The Douglas fir, spruce, and cedar stands of British Columbia along with the white pine forests of Ontario satisfied construction demands on the treeless prairies as well as in the growing cities and towns of central Canada and the United States
39、. British Columbias forests also supplied lumber to Asia. In addition, the softwood forest wealth of the Cordilleras and the Shield was a valuable source of pulpwood for the development of the pulp and paper industry, which made Canada one of the worlds leading exporters of newsprint. Furthermore, t
40、he fast flowing rivers of the Shield and Cordilleras could readily be harnessed as sources of hydroelectric power, replacing coal in the booming factories of central Canada as well as in the evolving mining and pulp and paper industries. The age of electricity under public ownership and control was
41、ushered in by the creation of the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission (now Ontario Hydro) in 1906 to distribute and eventually to produce this vital source of energy. Western settlement and the opening of the northern resource frontier stimulated industrial expansion, particularly in central Can
42、ada. As the National Policy had intended, a growing agricultural population in the West increased the demand for eastern manufactured goods, thereby giving rise to agricultural implements works, iron and steel foundries, machine shops, railway yards, textile mills, boot and shoe factories, and numer
43、ous smaller manufacturing enterprises that supplied consumer goods. By keeping out lower-priced foreign manufactured goods, tha high tariff policies of the federal government received much credit for protecting existing industries and encouraging the creation of new enterprises. To climb the tariff
44、wall, large American industrial firms opened branches in Canada, and the governments of Ontario and Quebec aggressively urged them on by offering bonuses, subsidies, and guarantees to locate new plants within their borders. Canadian industrial enterprises became increasingly attractive to foreign in
45、vestors, especially from the United States and Great Britain. Much of the over $600 million of American capital that flowed into Canada from 1900 to 1913 was earmarked for mining and the pulp and paper industry, while British investors contributed near $1.8 billion, mostly in railway building, busin
46、ess development, and the construction of urban infrastructure. As a result, the gross value of Canadian manufactured products quadrupled from 1891 to 1916. 14 Why does the author mention “the railroads“ in paragraph 1 ? （ A） Because miners were traveling to camps in the West （ B） Because mineral dep
47、osits were discovered when the railroads were built （ C） Because the western frontier was being settled by families （ D） Because traders used the railroads to transport their goods 15 In paragraph 1, the author identifies Sudbury as （ A） an important stop on the new railroad line （ B） a large market
48、 for the metals produced in Ontario （ C） a major industrial center for the production of nickel （ D） a mining town in the Klondike region 16 The word enduring in the passage is closest in meaning to （ A） disruptive （ B） restored （ C） identifiable （ D） lasting 17 According to paragraph 2, why was the
49、 Yukon Territory created? （ A） To encourage people to settle the region （ B） To prevent Alaska from acquiring it （ C） To establish law and order in the area （ D） To legalize the mining claims 18 The word previously in the passage is closest in meaning to （ A） frequently （ B） suddenly （ C） routinely （ D） formerly 19 How did the poetry by Robert Service contribute to the development of Canada? （ A） It made the Klondike gold rush famous. （ B） It encouraged families to settle in the Klondike. （ C） It captured the beauty of the western Klondike. （ D） It prevented th
