1、考博英语模拟试卷 114及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 In 1984, President Ronald Reagan proposed that the United States construct a launch laboratory for a new era of space exploration. （ A） probing （ B） revenge （ C） invasion （ D） expansion 2 The mother is told that her child is desperately ill the chance
2、s of survival are slim, and the treatment is as dreadful as the disease. （ A） incurable （ B） fearful （ C） impossible （ D） troublesome 3 In the first decades of the twentieth century, the individual gene could not be seen, but could be worked with fruitfully. （ A） blindly （ B） completely （ C） product
3、ively （ D） carefully 4 She was so obstinate that she wouldnt adjust her opinions. （ A） inflexible （ B） alert （ C） wise （ D） talented 5 One of the most interesting inhabitants of our world is the bee, an insect which is indigenous to all parts of the globe except the Polar Regions. （ A） residents （ B
4、） pets （ C） intimates （ D） creatures 6 The two psychologists had to modify the American Sign Language somewhat in order to accommodate the chimpanzees spontaneous gestures. （ A） change （ B） abort （ C） shorten （ D） enhance 7 One word describes what makes Singapore work: discipline. （ A） punishment （
5、B） regulation （ C） unemployment （ D） salary 8 Both a persons heredity and his environment help to shape his character. （ A） relative （ B） education （ C） nationality （ D） surroundings 9 Jane and Tom have been able to reconcile their difference and are a happy family again. （ A） settle （ B） arrange （
6、C） balance （ D） pacify 10 Sometimes a dictionary designates a noun as attributive, which means that it can be used to describe another noun or name its attributes. （ A） conveys （ B） defines （ C） indicates （ D） explains 11 Giving the child problems he cant solve will only frustrate him. （ A） baffle （
7、 B） worry （ C） alarm （ D） cultivate 12 The environmental balance among ecological communities is exceedingly complex. （ A） almost （ B） successfully （ C） extremely （ D） rarely 13 When we were in the mountains, we often found ourselves entirely enveloped by the fog. （ A） confined （ B） surrounded （ C）
8、darkened （ D） blocked 14 Recent studies have identified four major global environmental risks acid rain, ozone depletion, deforestation and the greenhouse effect. （ A） recognized （ B） proved （ C） got rid of （ D） multiplied 15 The primary objective of Basic Econometrics is to provide an elementary bu
9、t an comprehensive introduction to the art and science of econometrics. （ A） brief （ B） precise （ C） simplified （ D） extensive 16 A number of animals in Aesops fables are portrayed as being crafty. （ A） vain （ B） virtuous （ C） artistic （ D） cunning 17 General acceptance of 3-D films may prove hard t
10、o come by as the experience of three decades ago indicated. （ A） obtain （ B） explain （ C） understand （ D） discerm 18 Perhaps more than anything else, it was onerous taxes that led to the Peasants Revolt in England in 1381. （ A） multiple （ B） unjust （ C） burdensome （ D） infamous 19 Psychologists have
11、 recently mounted an offensive against what they describe as nastiness toward students by educators. （ A） arbitrariness （ B） unpleasantness （ C） severity （ D） aloofness 20 Recent research into aging suggests that the bodys defense mechanisms may lose the ability to distinguish what is alien. （ A） in
12、sane （ B） infectious （ C） foreign （ D） poisonous 21 In ancient Egyptian paintings, royal figures were differentiated by making them several times larger man other. （ A） distinguished （ B） estranged （ C） deferred （ D） enlarged 22 Chimpanzees are frequently used as stand-ins for human beings in experi
13、ments. （ A） partners （ B） role-models （ C） stand-bys （ D） substitute 23 Differences in positions adopted by oxygen and hydrogen atoms account for variations in the crystalline structure of different forms of ice. （ A） are caused by （ B） explain （ C） derive from （ D） constitute 24 No other newspaper
14、columnist has managed as yet to of readership. （ A） though （ B） in spite of this （ C） even （ D） so far 25 Many politicians find that they can no longer afford the luxury of a personal chauffeur. （ A） valet （ B） driver （ C） secretary （ D） servant 26 The United States Food and Drug Administration has
15、shown itself to be particularly wary with regard to alleged “miracle“ drugs in recent times. （ A） bellicose （ B） exhausted （ C） cautious （ D） strange 27 The plainer a bowerbirds plumage, the more brightly it decorates its nest to attract a mate. （ A） more spectacular （ B） duller （ C） flatter （ D） mo
16、re melancholy 28 Attitudes on the two sides in the Revolutionary War precluded the possibility of a peaceful solution. （ A） presaged （ B） prejudiced （ C） anticipated （ D） prevented 29 Cowries shells were once in widespread use as a token of value. （ A） a symbol （ B） an amount （ C） a thing （ D） an in
17、vestment 30 Adverse reviews in the New York press may greatly change the prospects of a new Broadway production. （ A） additional （ B） encouraging （ C） unfavorable （ D） subversive 二、 Reading Comprehension 30 Early that June Pins XII secretly addressed the Sacred College of Cardinals on the exterminat
18、ion of the Jews. “Every word we address to the competent authority on this subject, and all our public utterances,“ he said in explanation of his reluctance to express more open condemnation, “have to be carefully weighed and measured by us in the interest of the victims themselves, lest, contrary t
19、o our intentions, we make their situation worse and harder to bear.“ He did not add that another reason for proceeding cautiously was that he regarded Bolshevism as a far greater danger than Nazism. The position of the Holy Sea was deplorable but it was an offense of omission rather than commission.
20、 The Church, under the Popes guidance, had already saved the lives of more Jews than all other churches, religious institutions, and rescue organizations combined, and was presently hiding thousands of Jews in monasteries, convents, and Vatican City itself. The record of the Allies was far more sham
21、eful. The British and Americans, despite lofty pronouncements, had not only avoided taking any meaningful action but gave sanctuary to few persecuted Jews. The Moscow Declaration of that year signed by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin methodically listed Hitlers victims as Polish, Italian, French, D
22、utch, Belgian, Norwegian, Soviet, and Cretan. The curious omission of Jews (a policy emulated by the U. S. Office of War Information) was protested vehemently but uselessly by the World Jewish Congress. By the simple expedient of converting the Jews of Poland into Poles, and so on, the Final Solutio
23、n was lost in the Big Threes general classification of Nazi terrorism. Contrasting with their reluctance to face the issue of systematic Jewish extermination was the forthrightness and courage of the Danes, who defied German occupation by transporting to Sweden almost every one of their 6,500 Jews;
24、of the Finns, allies of Hitler, who saved all but four of their 4,000 Jews; and of the Japanese, another ally, who provided refuge in Manchuria for some 5,000 wandering European Jews in recognition of financial aid given by the Jewish firm of Kuhn, Loeb Wesche 1993; Silver 1992). All of these resear
25、chers, however, visited the community in its early years of operation. As mentioned previously, recent, non-scholarly reports are less positive. Thus there remains some doubt as to the long-term viability of even such a model of indigenous ecotourism development as Capirona. This study originally pr
26、oposed to study Capimnas project, but that community was weary of such research visits and refused a request to carry out the study there. Palo Blanco, though completing only its first year of ecotourism developmemt was chosen as an alternate site. Perhaps it should not be surprising that the prospe
27、cts for ecotourism in Rio Blanco appear, as they did in Capirona quite bright. Ecotourism development efforts differ from mainstream development efforts in that, aside from start-up loans, much or all of the continuing financial support comes from tourists rather than from governments or development
28、 agencies. As a result, the two main players many ecotourism endeavor the hosts and the guests are driven by differing motivations. The local population hopes to improve its own lot by taking advantage of the curiosity, disposable income, and in some cases, perhaps, good intentions of ecotourists. T
29、he tourists want to “explore the natural wonders of the world,“ whether that be a wildebeest migration across the Serengeti or the march of leaf-cutter ants across the jungle floor (Ryan and Grasse 1991: 166). In contrast to mass tourism, ecotourism permits tourists to seek educational self-fulfillm
30、ent in the form of travel, and tries to transform that activity into something that benefits the greater good specifically, to fund environmental preservation, rural development, and even cultural survival. However, in order to satisfy everyone tourists, environmentalists, tour operators and the loc
31、al hosts ecotourism must bring into aliganment a variety of contradictory purposes. Ecotourism promotes feelings among tourists that they are part of the solution when, in fact, the very act of flying a thousand miles or more to their destination consumes resources and pollutes the enviroment (cf. S
32、omerville 1994). The beauty of ecotourism is that it can exploit this egotistic motivation; the flaw is that it is forever limited by it. Even a brief foray into development literature, however, shows that flawed conceptualizations are the rule, not the exception. As development, ecotourism may be n
33、o more inchoate than any other approach, and in some ways it is as progressive as any theory. For example, ecotourism twin development goals conserving the environment and benefiting local peoples are increasingly seen, both within and outside of tourism circles, as interdependent. Without economic
34、development, many argue that environmental conservation is neither ethical nor sustainable (Boo 1990: 1; West and Brechin 1992: 14; Brandon and Wells 1992). Such conservation can be achieved only by providing local people with alternative income sources which do not threaten to deplete the plants an
35、d amamis within the protected zone (Brandon and Wells 1992: 557). Most research on this issue, however, assumes that the protective regulations have been established by the government or another external ageacy. In Rio Blanco, however, the people themselves are already acting to protect their land.
36、43 According to the author, scholars （ A） see life through rose-colored glasses. （ B） should never give favorable reports. （ C） are expected to give only favorable response following their research and analysis. （ D） seem to believe a favorable result to research missed the point. 44 Ecotourism reli
37、es on （ A） government aid exclusively. （ B） local people and their donations of time and money. （ C） initial loans at the beginning, followed by support from tourists. （ D） government assistance through agencies and local disposable income. 45 The main contradiction raised in this text is that （ A）
38、local people do not need outside tourists. （ B） tourists who believe in ecotourism actually bring some measure of damage to the places they visit. （ C） tourists are egotistical but do not want to be. （ D） tourists do not want to spend money but the local people expect them to. 46 A study of the stud
39、ies available on this topic shows that （ A） ecotourism is not like other projects that earn money. （ B） the twin goals actually coincide with each other. （ C） the rule in the thinking about ecotourism is that the thinking is well put. （ D） later studies and reports may differ from earlier studies. 4
40、7 The key to conserving the environment is （ A） economic self-reliance. （ B） income for the local people that is independent of ecotourism. （ C） ameliorating accessibility. （ D） all of the above. 48 The expression “explore the natural wonders of the world“ is in quotation marks because （ A） there ar
41、e no specific natural wonders of the world. （ B） it is meant to bring attention to the use of the word “wonder.“ （ C） it is meant to be amusing in its comparison of a wildebeest to an ant, （ D） it is probably a quotation from Ryan and Grasse. 48 It is not forbidden to dream of building a better worl
42、d, which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do. How to make cities more harmonious, reduce crime rates, improve welfare, overcome racism, increase our wealth this is the stuff of social sciences. The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being
43、 too theoretical, too ambitious or too unpalatable. The methods of research are also often attacked for their lack of rigor, and critics are quick to point out that the people who make the important decisions pay little attention to what social scientists have to say anyway. This would change if the
44、 social sciences made themselves more relevant and ready for the society of the 21st century. Social sciences began to take shape in the 19th century, but came into their own at the beginning of the 20th century, when a number of well-established disciplines, including economics, sociology, politica
45、l science, history and anthropology really made their mark. Geography and psychology could be added to that list. However, only sociology, political science and economics have succeeded in consolidating their position in the social sciences mainstream. The others were virtually all marginalised. Mor
46、eover, powerful institutional barriers now separate the various disciplines. Hardly the right atmosphere in which to grow and deal with the harsh criticism which the social sciences have come in for from many quarters, including governments and international commissions. Radical measures are now bei
47、ng suggested to turn things round, from how to award university chairs, to setting syllabi and raising funds. The need for decompartmentalising and striking a new order in the relationship between the disciplines concerns all of the social sciences, though perhaps economics most of all, Only it has
48、acquired a dominant position in management and public affairs. Some would My it has fallen under the sway of “unitary thinking“, with little room for debate, for example, on the question of debt reduction or monetary tightness. Moreover, many people do not believe that economic science forms part of
49、 social sciences at all. This is a somewhat problematic position to uphold, particularly as economic developments are largely determined by political, social and cultural factors. Yet, economists often have difficulty understanding or taking such factors into account. This has left economics exposed to attack, for example, over its prescriptions for development and its analysis of events, such as the causes of the Asian crisis. To many, economics relies too heavily on hypothetical and sometimes unrealistic assumptions. Can social sciences bounce back and assert themse
