1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 124及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human“, w
2、ith the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely. But a study by Sarach Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour o
3、f female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services“ than males. Such characteristics make them pe
4、rfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining cha
5、mbers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (are much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluc
6、tant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in
7、the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group-living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable o
8、nly when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independen
9、tly in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems for the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 1 In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _. （ A） posing a contrast （ B） justifying an assumption （ C） making a comparison （ D）
10、 explaining a phenomenon 2 The statement “it is all too monkey“ (Last line, Para. 1) implies that _. （ A） monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals （ B） resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature （ C） monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other （ D） no animals other than monkeys can deve
11、lop such emotions 3 Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _. （ A） more inclined to weigh what they get （ B） attentive to researchers instructions （ C） nice in both appearance and temperament （ D） more generous than their male companions 4 Dr. Brosnan and
12、 Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _. （ A） prefer grapes to cucumbers （ B） can be taught to exchange things （ C） will not be co-operative if feeling cheated （ D） are unhappy when separated from other 5 What can we infer from the last paragraph? （ A） Monkeys can be tra
13、ined to develop social emotions. （ B） Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. （ C） Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. （ D） Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 5 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us
14、but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 milli
15、on smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earths atmosphere is
16、definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panels report: “Science never has all the answer. But science does provid
17、e us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. “ Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the
18、science about global warming is incomplete; that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
19、 Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But its obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously. They continue to press for more research, a classic of “paralysis by analysis“. To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must pre
20、ss forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial
21、incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. 6 An argument made by supporters
22、 of smoking was that _. （ A） there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death （ B） the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant （ C） people had the freedom to choose their own way of life （ D） antismoking people were usually talking nonsens
23、e 7 According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as _. （ A） a protector （ B） a judge （ C） a critic （ D） a guide 8 What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis“ (Last line, Para. 4) ? （ A） Endless studies kill action. （ B） Careful investigation reveals truth. （ C） Prudent planning hinders pro
24、gress. （ D） Extensive research helps decision-making. 9 According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming? （ A） Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. （ B） Raise public awareness of conservation. （ C） Press for further scientific research. （ D） Take some legislative m
25、easures. 10 The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because _. （ A） they both suffered from the governments negligence （ B） a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former （ C） the outcome of the latter aggravates the former （ D） both of them have turned from bad
26、to worse 10 Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated this revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconsc
27、ious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“ the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain
28、is “off-line“. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but to help us sleep and feel better. “Its your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicagos Medical Center, “If you dont like it, change it.“ Evidence from brain
29、imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep when most vivid dreams occur as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain“) is
30、specially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,“ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among
31、the patients in Cartwrights clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont alway
32、s think about the emotional significance of the days events until, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream.
33、 Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, theres probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they
34、keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,“ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased peoples anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working th
35、rough bad feelings. Sleep or rather dreamon it and youll feel better in the morning. 11 Researchers have come to believe that dreams _. （ A） can be modified in their courses （ B） are susceptible to emotional changes （ C） reflect our innermost desires and fears （ D） are a random outcome of neural rep
36、airs 12 By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show _. （ A） its function in our dreams （ B） the mechanism of REM sleep （ C） the relation of dreams to emotions （ D） its difference from the prefrontal cortex 13 The negative feelings generated during the day tend to _. （ A） aggravate
37、in our unconscious mind （ B） develop into happy dreams （ C） persist till the time we fall asleep （ D） show up in dreams early at night 14 Cartwright seems to suggest that _. （ A） waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams （ B） visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control （
38、C） dreams should be left to their natural progression （ D） dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious 15 What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? （ A） Lead your life as usual. （ B） Seek professional help. （ C） Exercise conscious control. （ D） Avoid anxiety i
39、n the daytime. 15 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing, The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Ca
40、re, John Mc Whorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education
41、. Mr. Mc Whorters academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom“, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing“, has spelt
42、 the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal genre
43、 is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. Mc Whorter documents is unmistakable. But it is les
44、s clear, to take the question of his subtitle: Why We Should, Like, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas
45、. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English
46、speakers. Mr. Mc Whorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English on “paper plates instead of china“. A shame, perhaps, but probably an
47、 inevitable one. 16 According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English _. （ A） is inevitable in radical education reforms （ B） is but all too natural in language development （ C） has caused the controversy over the counter-culture （ D） brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s 17 Th
48、e word “talking“ (Line 5, Para. 3) denotes _. （ A） modesty （ B） personality （ C） liveliness （ D） informality 18 To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree? （ A） Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. （ B） Black English can be more expressive than
49、 standard English. （ C） Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. （ D） Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas. 19 The description of Russians love of memorizing poetry shows the authors _. （ A） interest in their language （ B） appreciation of their efforts （ C） admiration for their memory （ D） contempt for their old-fashionedness 20 According to the last paragraph, “paper plates“ to “china“ is as _. （ A） temporary to “perman
