1、职称英语（卫生类） B级模拟试卷 20及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 He looked dismayed when he heard the news. （ A） pale （ B） hurtful （ C） doubtful （ D） disappointed 2 Its beyond mortal power to bring a dead man back to life. （ A） human （ B） spiritual （ C） mat
2、erial （ D） electronic 3 All proposals are likely to be rejected. （ A） accepted （ B） refused （ C） neglected （ D） believed 4 The sisters cant tolerate each other. （ A） hate （ B） bear （ C） like （ D） criticize 5 Janes unusual behavior puzzled her parents. （ A） abnormal （ B） frightening （ C） repeated （ D
3、） funny 6 He had to consider the offer. Anyway, he had to rear his whole family. （ A） set up （ B） rebuild （ C） construct （ D） raise 7 He was evidently holding light onto himself about something. （ A） reluctantly （ B） obviously （ C） seemingly （ D） conclusively 8 They resembled each other in color but
4、 not in shape. （ A） were similar to （ B） differentiated （ C） were likely （ D） modified 9 You should conform to the usage of society. （ A） confront （ B） acquaint （ C） adopt （ D） follow 10 He inquired whether it was possible to leave his suitcase at the railway station. （ A） insisted （ B） suggested （
5、C） asked （ D） called 11 Subterranean streams have cut through limestone to form miles of passages and caves such as Kentuckys Mammoth Cave. （ A） Secondary （ B） Underground （ C） Unharnessed （ D） Miniscule 12 The minister approved the building plans after he discussed with other ministers. （ A） agreed
6、 （ B） opposed （ C） canceled （ D） delighted 13 Tom dropped off in front of fire. （ A） drop at （ B） drop away （ C） doze off （ D） take off 14 Parents should realized that “example is better than precept“. （ A） instruction （ B） education （ C） imagination （ D） morality 15 For most allergies, the best tre
7、atment is elimination of the bothersome substances from the sensitive persons environment. （ A） unnatural （ B） dangerous （ C） irritating （ D） surrounding 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。 15 Mothers and matchmak
8、ers(媒人 ) have always known that not being married is a definite health hazard. But when a team of researchers from the University of California, San Francisco, reported a few weeks ago that middle-aged (中年的 ) men without wives were actually twice as likely to die during a 10-year span(全长 ) as men wi
9、th wives, the espoused and the spouseless alike stopped to take notice. It was the kind of news that swept through offices and watering holes-and it made people feel smug(自鸣得意的 ) or anxious, depending on their circumstances. Now the researchers who conducted the study are trying to find out what acc
10、ounted for(说明 ,解释 ) the dramatic differences in survival rates. The investigators, headed by UCSF associate professor of epidemiology arid biostatistics(生物统计学 ) Maradee A. Davis, had set out to examine the effect of various living arrangements on mortality. Because of the buffering social support ma
11、rriage is known to provide, Davis and her colleagues fully expected to find that men and women dwelling alone fared(生活 ,进展 ) worst in survival rates. It came as some surprise, however, that in their study population, subjects who shared living quarters with people other than a spouse had the same lo
12、wer survival rates as those who lived by themselves. “The critical factor, “Davis says, “seems to be the presence of a spouse.“ The lower survival rates for the spouseless were found primarily in men who were widowed, separated or divorced, rather than in those who had never been married. Davis and
13、her colleagues have already eliminated certain health factors as causes of higher mortality by adjusting their data to discount the effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and lack of exercise. Now they will look more closely at a variety of other considerations, such as blood pressure, cho
14、lesterol levels and chronic illnesses. Sex roles: While many middle-aged men now know the difference between a cheese grater and a garlic press, nutrition may still account for some of the California studys findings. Previous research by Daviss team showed that unmarried men even if they lived with
15、other people ate less healthy diets than married men. “Traditional sex roles have meant that men arent as well informed as women about nutritional shopping and food preparation. “says Davis. Emotional and social factors probably also played a role in higher mortality among the spouseless men. The Sa
16、n Francisco researchers will examine a randomly selected subgroup of their study population for more detailed medical data, and theyll look at a trait(特征 ) they call “general well-being. “This focuses on subjectively reported feelings and moods, rather than specific psychological symptoms. The resea
17、rchers will analyze questionnaires that asked how frequently the men felt worried, nervous or poorly rested. But the team will also look at the causes of death; if the men without wives show higher rates of suicide or fatal accidents, its likely that emotional stress contributed to(可助于 , 促使 )their h
18、igher mortality rate. Davis has already discovered that the married men reported a significantly higher level of well-being than those who werent married. So perhaps the explanation for their longer survival isnt really so complicated. Because they are cared for by nurturing wives, they just plain f
19、eel happier than the other guys do. And what better reason than for staying alive? 16 Environmental factors affect our health in important way. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 17 The various living arrangements wont affect mortality. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 18 Nutrition is
20、a main factor for a man to live longer. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 19 Men who were widowed had a survival rate as low as those who had never been married. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 20 Emotional and social factors also played a role in higher mortality among the spouseles
21、s men. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 21 Happy-feeling is the best reason for men to stay alive. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 22 The pessimists feeling of helplessness undermines the bodys the immune system. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 三、 概括大意与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，
22、共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试 任务： (1)第 23-26题要求从所给的 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳标题； (2)第 27-30题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 22 1. AIDS is the final, life-threatening stage of infection with human immuno-deficiency virus(HIV). AIDS stands for acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome. The name refers to the fact that HIV seve
23、rely damages the patients disease-fighting immune system. Cases of AIDS were first identified in 1981 in the United States, but researchers have traced cases to as early as 1969. Millions of AIDS cases have been diagnosed worldwide. 2. AIDS is caused by two viruses that belong to a group called retr
24、oviruses. The first AIDS virus was isolated by researchers in France in 1983 and researchers in the United States in 1984. This virus became known as HIV-1. in 1985, scientists in France identified another closely related virus that also produces AIDS. This virus, named HIV-2, occurs mainly in Afric
25、a. HIV-1 occurs throughout the world. 3. People infected with HIV eventually develop symptoms that also may be caused by other, less serious conditions. With HIV infection, however, these symptoms are prolonged and often more severe. They include enlarged lymph glands, tiredness, fever, loss of appe
26、tite and weight, diarrhea, yeast infections of the mouth and vagina, and night sweats. 4. An HIV-infected person may develop AIDS from 2 to 15 or more years after becoming infected. In children born with HIV infection, this interval is usually shorter. A few people who have been infected with HIV fo
27、r more than 15 years have not developed any symptoms or suffer only minor symptoms. An infected person can transmit the virus to another person whether or not symptoms are present. Infection with HIV appears to be lifelong in all who become infected. 5. Researchers have identified three ways in whic
28、h HIV is transmitted: sexual intercourse, direct contact with infected blood, and transmission from an infected woman to her fetus or baby. The most common way of becoming infected is through intimate sexual contact with an HIV-infected person. In the United States, sexual transmission of HIV has oc
29、curred mainly among homosexual men, but it is becoming more frequent among heterosexual men and women. 6. People who inject drugs into their bodies can be exposed to infected blood by sharing hypodermic needles, syringes, or equipment used to prepare drugs for injection. Health-care workers can beco
30、me infected with HIV by coming into direct contact with infected blood. This may occur through injury with a needle or other sharp instrument used in treating an HIV-infected patient. A few patients have become infected while receiving treatment from an HIV-infected dentist. 7. An infected pregnant
31、woman can transmit the AIDS virus to her fetus even if she has no symptoms. Transmission may also occur from an HIV-infected mother to her baby through breast-feeding. 8. Studies indicate that HIV is not transmitted through air, food, or water, or by insects. No known cases of AIDS have resulted fro
32、m sharing eating utensils, bathrooms, locker rooms, living space, or classrooms. A. AIDS viruses fall under two categories that both belong to a group called retroviruses B. An HIV-infected person may not always develop AIDS C. Family members should not share eating utensils with an HIV-infected per
33、son D. The symptoms that HIV-infected people develop may be similar to but more severe than those caused by other conditions E. Of the three ways of HIV transmission indentified by researchers, the most common is through intimate sexual contact with an HIV-infected person F. An HIV-infected person w
34、ill always suffer severe symptoms 23 Paragraph 2 _. 24 Paragraph 3 _. 25 Paragraph 4 _. 26 Paragraph 5 _. 26 A. direct contact with infected blood B. from 2 to 15 or more years after becoming infected C. without symptoms D. acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome E. live in the same room with an HIV-inf
35、ected roommate F. breast-feeding 27 The term AIDS is an acrtonym which represents_. 28 People with HIV infection usually develop AIDS_. 29 HIV is transmitted in three ways: sexual intercourse, transmission from an infected woman to her fetus or baby and_. 30 An HIV-infected mother may transmit the A
36、IDS virus to her fetus through_. 四、 阅读理解 (第 31-45题，每题 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 30 Cough is a normal physiologic reflex(生理反射 ) mediated by the “cough center“ of the brain. The function of this reflex is to clear airways of inhaled irritants, debris(碎屑 ), or secretions that have
37、accumulated as a result of bacterial or viral infection. Cough may also occur in response to irritation of inflame respiratory epithelium(呼息道上皮 ), as is commonly seen with some viral infections. Irritant-initiated cough often has little effect on clearance of secretions and is called “nonproductive
38、cough“(咳痰 ). APPROACHES TO TREATMENT Cough accompanies many different disorders. Suppressing a productive cough(千咳 )can interfere with normal defense mechanisms and be potentially harmful. Suppression of nonproductive cough is safer but is not essential. Antitussive(镇咳的 ) use is justifiable in sever
39、e cases in which nonproductive cough is causing emesis, exhaustion, or significant loss of sleep. ANTITUSSIVE AGENTS Three antitussive agents are commonly used: Codeine. Codeine suppresses the cough reflex by acting directly on the medullary(延髓的 ) cough center of the brain. Its drying effect on the
40、respiratory mucosa can increase the viscosity of bronchial secretions. Antitussive effects of codeine are dose dependent in adults, but complete cough suppression may not be possible at nontoxic doses. Although codeine is the standard against which other antitussive medications are compared, it may
41、be less effective in children than in adults. The recommended dosage for children is 1mg/kg/day in four divided doses(maximum of 60 mg/day). Antitussive effects are greatest at one to two hours and persist for about four hours. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, and dizziness are the most common side e
42、ffects. In over doses, toxicity consists primarily of respiratory depression and narcosis. Limited data suggest that single doses of more than 5 mg/kg may be lethal in children. Infants may be more sensitive to codeine s effects and may have decreased ability to metabolize the drug, thus, use of cod
43、eine in children less than one year old should be discouraged. Dextromethorphan(美沙芬 ). Like codeine, dextromethorphan has antitussive activity but a very low addictive potential. In adults, the two drugs are considered equipotent. Dextromethorphans antitussive effect can begin as early as 15 to 30 m
44、inutes after a dose is taken, and its duration of action is between three and six hours. Because the drug is metabolized through oxidative pathways, infants metabolize dextromethorphan slowly and are at greater risk of dose-dependent side effects, particularly if given multiple doses. Dextromethorph
45、an and codeine both act at the same central nervous system(CNS)site. Although CNS depression can be seen with either agent, dextromethorphan has a wider margin of safety. Overdoses of up to 100 times the usual adult dose have not resulted in any fatalities. Treatment of overdose should include suppo
46、rtive measures and use of naloxone(纳洛酮 ), if respiratory depression occurs. Minor adverse effects (副作用 ) sometimes seen in nonintoxicated patients include nausea, dizziness, and slight drowsiness. Diphenhydramine(苯海拉明 ). The antihistamine diphenhydramine has weak anti tussive effects. These effects
47、may often be incomplete, however, and cough suppression may not be achived without side effects. In addition to acting on medullary cough centers, diphenhydramine has peripheral anticholinergic(抗胆碱能的 ) effects that may contribute to its cough-suppressing action. The anticholinergic effects may also
48、help to dry the respiratory tract and thicken secretions undesirable effects in patients with productive cough. In adults, 25 to 50 mg of diphenhydramine has produced cough suppression equivalent to that of 15 mg of codeine. Similar data in children are not available. GUIDELINES FOR USE OF ANTITUSSI
49、VES Remember that cough is a sign of a disorder, and it does not always require an antitussive. If it is caused by another disorder (e. g., foreign body, allergy, or asthma), therapy is more appropriately directed at the underlying cause. Do not suppress productive cough associated with chronic pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, or chronic bronchitis. Concentrate on good fluid intake, to help mobilize pulmonary secretions, and treatment of the underlying disorder. Remember that suppression of mild cou
