1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 33 及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 COMPUTER SECURITY It is believed that the problem of computer security has changed over a period of time as businesses, through an increased use of information technology (IT), have become more and more dependent on information and the associated
2、 information systems (IS). However, at the same time, there has been limited change in the implemented security or safeguards to these information systems. In fact many executives or managers fail to even identify the relevant requirement for security or policies. A. The Internet has been roughly do
3、ubling in size every year, and the associated security incidents have been running in parity. Even if the percentage of malicious users is small, the increase in size of the Internet and in the number of incidents of failed security is significant. The importance of the growth in the Internet can be
4、 highlighted by the fact that in July 1991, 33% of Internet users were from the commercial sector, whereas in July 1996, this figure had risen to 50%. B. In 1988, the Morris “worm“ was introduced on the Internet to invade, attack and replicate itself on the network. The response was to shut down E-m
5、ail and connectivity. However, the “fixes“ were to be distributed via E-mail and so the solution was self-defeating. As a result of this worm virus, CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) was formed, with the Australian version (AUSCERT) starting in 1992. C. One of the problems with Internet securi
6、ty is the fact that the incidents are increasing in sophistication. One of the reasons for this has been the increasing availability of toolkits. Although these toolkits are designed to assist computer systems designers to protect and develop their sites, they also allow relatively ignorant intruder
7、s to carry out increasingly complex incidents with the utilisation of many routers and disguises to reach their “target“. According to a US Department of Defence report, less than 1% of incidents are identified but 65% of these are successful. Another thing to bear in mind with intruders and hackers
8、 is that they do not respect geographical or administrative boundaries, or time zones. They may be geographically dislocated from the point of attack and therefore operating in “off-duty“ hours. D. The thing to remember with security is that the system administrators must get it fight all the time;
9、the intruder must get it right just once. Evidence of this is easy to find. In 1997, a teenager hacked into a Bell Atlantic network. His hacking crashed the computer and resulted in 600 homes, a regional airport and emergency services being without telephone communications for six hours. And what wa
10、s the punishment for this offence? Two years of probation, community service and a fine of US$5,000. E. Governments are getting tough on cyber crimes, especially in the wake of September 11th. These crimes are being linked to national security, which in the US is now of major concern to government o
11、fficials and the general public alike. And the government has been swift to act. In late 2001, the US Patriot Act was introduced. This Act increased the maximum sentence for breaking into a computer from five to ten years. Then in July 2002, the House of Representatives approved the Cyber Security E
12、nhancement Act. Now if a cyber crime results in the death of an individual, the offender could face a life sentence. There has been additional fall-out from the September 11th attacks with the FBI and other government security agencies dramatically escalating their monitoring of the Internet. This h
13、as pushed some hackers further underground, fearful that what they had previously been doing out of boredom or challenge could now be viewed as an act of terrorism. F. On the other hand, the events of September 11th have led to some ex-hackers using their extensive knowledge and experience to join f
14、orces with security forces to aid the fight against terrorism. G. However, even with the increased threats of punishment, computer viruses and incidents of hacking continue to be widespread. Long-time security measures which have been utilised by companies and individuals are not fail-safe. One of t
15、he more prevalent IS security measures is the use of firewalls, which “filter“ the data entering/leaving the corporate IS. It is true that these firewalls have a number of advantages, nevertheless, they should not be seen as a panacea to all IS security woes, merely an enhancement. They can provide
16、a false sense of security and have limited protection from internal attackers. In short, the corporate world needs to realise that computer security will be an on-going problem and expense. 1 Complete the table below with information found in the text. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for ea
17、ch answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your Answer Sheet. 4 In Reading Passage 1 there are several sections. Choose the most suitable heading (I-IX) from the box below which best matches the Sections A-G. Write your answers in boxes 4-9 on your Answer Sheet. NOTE: there are more headings than
18、 sections so you will not use all of them. You may use any of the headings more than once. LIST OF HEADINGS I A positive aspect of hacking II Tougher punishments for backers III Response to Internet security IV Growth of the Internet V Responsibilities of managers VI Hackers vs. administrators VII D
19、ifficulty of detection VIII Government agencies IX Common security measure Paragraph B _ 5 Paragraph C _ 6 Paragraph D _ 7 Paragraph E _ 8 Paragraph F _ 9 Paragraph G _ 10 Solving the Morris worm was difficult because the repair method was sent _ and therefore useless. 11 The teenager who hacked int
20、o Bell Atlantic would get a maximum prison sentence of _if he committed the same crime now. 12 Some hackers are scared that government authorities could now consider them to be _ 13 One disadvantage of _ is that they can make a company feel protected from attack even though the system is not perfect
21、. 13 The nature of sleep and the role it plays in our lives has long fascinated science and been the focus of many studies and a great deal of research. A. The benefit of receiving enough sleep is essential to our inner well-being. Not enough sleep, however, means that we lack the opportunity to res
22、tore ourselves physiologically, emotionally and cognitively. It affects our mood and can result in behaviour and performance problems. When we sleep, our bodies rest but our brains are active. Sleep lays the groundwork for a productive day ahead. Although most people benefit the most from eight hour
23、s of sleep each night, this is not always what they manage to achieve. Men get slightly less sleep than women during the week (6.7 hours/night vs. 7.0 hours /night), but have fewer sleep problems, according to recent Sleep in America polls conducted annually by the National Sleep Foundation (NSF). B
24、. According to current scientific thought, the human body is pre-programmed for sleep. At nightfall, cells in the retina (a light sensitive membrane connected to the eye by the optic nerve) send a sleep signal to a cluster of nerve cells in the brain. These nerve cells are concentrated together in t
25、he suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and are located in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus which helps regulate body temperature. The SCN is also known as the circadian clock. This biological “clock“ relays the message to other parts of the brain which then signals the body that it is time to s
26、leep. For instance, the pineal gland, also located in the hypothalamus, produces a substance called melatonin, which lowers body temperature, and causes drowsiness. C. A great deal of the information we now know about sleep and the physiological changes it causes in the brain can be traced back to t
27、he invention of the electroencephalogram in the 1950s. This machine allowed scientists to record the feeble electric currents generated on the brain without opening the skull and to depict them graphically onto a strip of paper. Brain-wave function could be examined and scientists could thereby obse
28、rve sleep from moment to moment. In the 1970s it became possible for scientists to make assumptions about the role that correct breathing plays during sleep with the development of the technology to measure respiration. It was here that science really began to understand the nature of sleep and the
29、role it plays in peoples lives. D. As well as uncovering the physiological changes occurring during sleep, The New England Journal of Medicine reported that sleep concerns were a public health threat as serious as smoking and in the years since, medical researchers have linked sleep disorders with m
30、any life-threatening diseases. Even though more than 70 million Americans have a sleeping problem, most cases go undiagnosed and untreated, so the true economic and sociological damage caused by these disorders is unknown although, the economic cost is conservatively estimated to be billions of doll
31、ars a year in healthcare costs and lost productivity. Breathing problems during sleep represent by far the greatest proportion of sleep disorders and cause the most concern, with studies showing that between 50% and 80% of stroke and heart failure patients have breathing problems during sleep. E. Sc
32、ientific studies have found that children who are identified as snorers or those who have poor sleeping patterns at around the age of four or five, scored lower than average in Intelligence Quotient (IQ) tests, not only during the sleep deprivation period but subsequent to that. There are also sugge
33、stions that ongoing sleep deprivation in adults can cause permanent damage. F. Teenagers can have peculiar sleep requirements. It has always been known that adolescents spend more time sleeping than adults, but science has only recently isolated the reasons for this. Research now shows that growth h
34、ormones are secreted during slow-wave sleep and teenagers do indeed, need more of this kind of sleep than at any other stage in their lives. Chronic lack of sleep among teenagers means that as a group they are more likely to use stimulants and experience negative mood swings. Statistics also indicat
35、e that young drivers are responsible for more than one-half of fall- asleep crashes. G. However, it is not just young people who pay the price for lack of proper sleep. Workers are robbing themselves of sleep in order to increase productivity in both their social and working lives. In recent years,
36、however, the identification of driver fatigue as the possible cause of 1/3 of all accidents provides some indication of the price we are paying for such a trade-off. Extensive scientific research indicates that chronic tiredness has been the cause of environmental disasters, nuclear mishaps and seve
37、ral well-documented near misses in the air. Scientists are beginning to argue that the lengthening of the working day is harming workers, their families and society. In the long run, productivity will suffer. H. As a reaction against this disturbing trend, there has been increased support for regula
38、tion of the number of hours worked by employees in demanding jobs, such as doctors, nurses, pilots, bus drivers and truck drivers. Legislation is being drafted to limit work hours, thus forcing companies to become instrumental in changing work cultures to ensure employees are getting enough rest and
39、 leisure time in order to avoid chronic tiredness and its devastating consequences. 14 The SCN （ A） is regulated by the hypothalamus. （ B） is affected by fading light. （ C） is located in the brain. （ D） tells the body it is time for sleep. 15 Scientists involvement with sleep research （ A） is driven
40、 by the potential of monetary gains to be made. （ B） is a recent trend. （ C） has been advanced with technological developments. （ D） has relied on observations and assumptions about sleep being made. 16 Sleeping disorders are （ A） linked to fatal diseases and conditions. （ B） one of the main causes
41、of strokes and heart failure. （ C） common in babies. （ D） unusual but can be life-threatening. 17 Look at the following statements (Questions 17-19). Indicate: TRUE if the statement agrees with information in the passage FALSE if the statement contradicts information in the passage NOT if the inform
42、ation is not given in the passage. Write your answers in boxes 17-19 on your Answer Sheet. Sleep deprivation can affect intellectual performance in adults. _ 18 Longer working hours have resulted in productivity increases. _ 19 Companies have to be more active in preventing accidents caused by human
43、 factors. _ 20 Choose the statement (I-X) below that best summarises each paragraph (A-H) in Reading Passage 2. Write your answers in boxes 20-27 on your Answer Sheet. NOTE: there are more statements than paragraphs so you will not use them all. LIST OF SUMMARY STATEMENTS I The negative effects of c
44、hronic sleep deprivation have tragic consequences. II There are many advantages to getting sufficient sleep. III Current medical research maintains that sleep is critical to early development. IV Technological advances contributed significantly to sleep research. V Efforts are being made to decrease
45、 the incidence of work-related accidents and disasters. VI Sleep problems affect a significant percentage of the population and have far-reaching consequences. VII Lack of the right kind of sleep can affect behaviour. VIII Physiological changes occur to create sleep. IX Sleep has an important functi
46、on in our daily lives. X The electroencephalogram revolutionised sleep research. Paragraph A _ 21 Paragraph B _ 22 Paragraph C _ 23 Paragraph D _ 24 Paragraph E _ 25 Paragraph F _ 26 Paragraph G _ 27 Paragraph H _ 27 SALINISATION Salinisation (the accumulation of salts in soil) is one of todays wors
47、t environmental disasters and yet it does not share the global spotlight with other ecological issues. Considering the threat that salinisation poses to nearly all irrigated drylands and the consequential impact on traditional agriculture, such lagging public awareness is, at the very least, disconc
48、erting. Reports indicate that between 2.5 and 6 million hectares of land are affected by salinisation and unless precautionary and remedial measures are implemented, economic and environmental repercussions will be inevitable. Contributing ecological factors such as soil-type, climate, rainfall and
49、topography make some lands more vulnerable to the salinisation process. However, the vast majority of land degraded through salinisation can be directly linked to human activity, whether it be destroying natural vegetation and bushlands to clear the land for farms, over-irrigation of cultivated land and/or poor farming practices. Countries like Australia are beginning to see the devastation of increasing salinity levels after a relatively short period of
