1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 76及答案与解析 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The life and work of Marie CurieMarie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on ra
2、dioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remar
3、kable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronias medical studies in Paris,
4、on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. Sh
5、e came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to ach
6、ieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerels discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called radioactivity, Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. T
7、urning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work th
8、at she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the
9、 help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curies pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Maries two da
10、ughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chi
11、ef assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906
12、, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husbands death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughte
13、r Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as little Curies, used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nu
14、clear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to t
15、he United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the i
16、nauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curies outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The
17、existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934
18、 by Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they
19、 gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the
20、information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1 Marie Curies husband was a joint winner of both Maries Nobel Prizes. （ A） T
21、RUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 2 Marie became interested in science when she was a child. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 3 Marie was able to attend the Sorbonne because of her sisters financial contribution. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 4 Marie stopped doing research for several years whe
22、n her children were born. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 5 Marie took over the teaching position her husband had held. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 6 Maries sister Bronia studied the medical uses of radioactivity. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 6 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE
23、 WORD from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet. Marie Curie s research on radioactivity When uranium was discovered to be radioactive, Marie Curie found that the element called【 R7】 _had the same property. Marie and Pierre Curies research into the radio
24、activity of the mineral known as【 R8】 _led to the discovery of two new elements. In 1911, Marie Curie received recognition for her work on the element【 R9】 _ Marie and Irene Curie developed X-radiography which was used as a medical technique for【 R10】 _ Marie Curie saw the importance of collecting r
25、adioactive material both for research and for cases of【 R11】 _ The radioactive material stocked in Paris contributed to the discoveries in the 1930s of the【 R12】 _and of what was known as artificial radioactivity. During her research, Marie Curie was exposed to radiation and as a result she suffered
26、 from【 R13】 _ 7 【 R7】 8 【 R8】 9 【 R9】 10 【 R10】 11 【 R11】 12 【 R12】 13 【 R13】 13 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Young childrens sense of identity A A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be tho
27、ught of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate. Ever since then psychologists have conti
28、nued building on the theory. B According to James, a childs first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labelled self-as-subject, and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of ones own agen
29、cy (i.e. ones power to act), and an awareness of ones distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power.
30、 He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infants attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them. C Another
31、powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them. Many parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early months, copying their infants vocalizations and expressions. In addition, young children enjoy looking i
32、n mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements. This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants developing understanding that the movements they see in th
33、e mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the mirror. D This understanding that children gain of themselves as active agents continues to develop in their attempts to
34、co-operate with others in play. Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactions that the childs understanding of his- or herself emerges. Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of commu
35、nication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly. E Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in a whole series of categories, which together play such an important part
36、 in defining them uniquely as themselves. This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the self-as-object. This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, br
37、other, colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability). F Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a persons own understanding of their identity and other peoples
38、understanding of it. Cooley believed that people build up their sense of identity from the reactions of others to them, and from the view they believe others have of them. He called the self-as-object the looking-glass self, since people come to see themselves as they are reflected in others. Mead (
39、1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: “The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience . it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience. G Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an importa
40、nt developmental milestone is reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday. In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red powder on the noses of children wh
41、o were playing in front of a mirror, and then observed how often they touched their noses. The psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what they usually looked like, they would be surprised by the unusual red mark and would start touching it. On the other hand, they found that children of 1
42、5 to 18 months are generally not able to recognize themselves unless other cues such as movement are present. H Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in general can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal stu
43、dy of groups of three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the childrens disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after
44、 the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of self and of ownership is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies. Questions 14-19 Reading Passage 2 has eig
45、ht paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 14 an account of the method used by researchers in a particular study 15 the role of imitation in developing a sense o
46、f identity 16 the age at which children can usually identify a static image of themselves 17 a reason for the limitations of scientific research into self-as-subject 18 reference to a possible link between culture and a particular form of behaviour 19 examples of the wide range of features that cont
47、ribute to the sense of self-as-object 19 Look at the following findings (Questions 20-23) and the list of researchers below. Match each finding with the correct researcher or researchers, A-E. Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet List of Researchers A James B Cooley C L
48、ewis and Brooks-Gunn D Mead E Bronson 20 A sense of identity can never be formed without relationships with other people. 21 A childs awareness of self is related to a sense of mastery over things and people. 22 At a certain age, childrens sense of identity leads to aggressive behaviour. 23 Observin
49、g their own reflection contributes to childrens self awareness. 23 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. How children acquire a sense of identity First, children come to realise that they can have an effect on the world around them, for example by handling objects, or causing the image to move when they face a【 R24】_This aspect of self-awareness is difficult to research directly, because of【 R25】_problems.
