1、2007年上海交通大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、名词解释 1 productivity(as a property of language) 2 phoneme 3 bound morpheme 4 concord(or: agreement) 5 homonymy 6 indirect speech act 7 pidgins and Creoles 8 diglossia 9 linguistic determinism 10 language universals 二、举例说明题 11 A number of interesting word-formation pro
2、cesses can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is g homographs: closekl uz-closekl us, sows u-sowsau; perfect homonyms: bank(of a river)-bank(financial institution), bat(flying creature)-bat(used in sports). 【试题解析】 本题考查同形同音异义的定义，答案参照 George Yule编著的语言研究 (第二版 )第 121页。考生也应了解同义
3、反义、上下义及一词多义等概念。 6 【正确答案】 According to Searle, indirect speech acts refers to the kind of speech acts, or illocutionary acts, in which one illocutionary act is performed by way of performing another. For example, the sentence “Could you do this for me?“, in spite of the meaning of the lexical items
4、and the interrogative illocutionary force-indicating devices is not characteristically uttered as a subjunctive question concerning your abilities; it is characteristically uttered as a request. 【试题解析】 本题考查间接言语行为定义，答案参照姜望琪著的语用学理论及应用第 239 240页。考生也应了解会话含义、合作原则、关联理论等语用学涉及的重要概念。 7 【正确答案】 A Pidgin is a v
5、ariety of a language(e.g. English)which began as a kind of “contact“ language and developed for some practical purpose, such as trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not know each others languages. As such, it would have no native speakers. The origin of the term “Pid
6、gin“ is thought to be from Chinese Pidgin version of the English word “business“. The origin of many words in Pidgins can be phrases from other languages, such as one word used for “lift“ which is haisimap(from “hoist him up“). When a. Pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes
7、the first language of a social community, it is described as a Creole. Tok Pisin, for example, would more accurately be described as a Creole. 【试题解析】 本题考查洋泾浜和克里奥尔语的定义，答案参照 George Yule著的语言研究 (第二版 )第 233-234页。考生也应了解其他语言变体的概念。 8 【正确答案】 Diglossia is a term used to describe a situation in which two very
8、different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of social functions. There is normally a “High“ variety, for formal or serious matters, and a “Low“ variety, for conversation and other informal uses. A form of diglossia exists in most Arabic-speaking countri
9、es where the high, or classical variety is used in lectures, 【试题解析】 本题考查双语制概念，答案参照 George Yule著的语言研究 (第二版 )第 246页。 9 【正确答案】 What Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests is like this: our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers unique ways
10、 of understanding the world. Following this argument, two important points can be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is relative. For two different speech communities, the greater their structural differe
11、ntiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to 【试题解析】 本题考查 Sapir Whorf假说中的语言决定论概念，答案参照教程第 162-163页或语言研究 (第二版 )第 246-247页，考生同时也应了解语言相对论的阐述。 10 【正确答案】 While many linguists have recognized the extent to whi
12、ch languages are subject to variation, they have also noted the extent to which all languages have certain common properties. Those common properties, which can be described as those definitive features of language, are called language universals. 【试题解析】 本题考查语言的普遍性概念，答案参照语言研究 (第二版 )第248页。 二、举例说明题 11
13、 【正确答案】 In sentence(a), the word “cremains“, formed after blending “cremation and remains“, means the ashes that remain after the cremation of a corpse. Blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. If you combine smoke and f
14、og, theres the term smog. In sentence(b), “upper“ and “downer“ are formed after adding the derivational morpheme “-er“. Derivation is accomplished by means of a large number of small “bits“ of the English language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries. For example, if you add
15、 “-un“ to “happy“, you will get “unhappy“. 【试题解析】 本题考查构词方法，答案参照语言研究 (第二版 )第 63-73页。考生应熟知发明、借词、混合、合成、派生、曲折、逆构、缩略等构词方法。 12 【正确答案】 Inflectional morphemes indicate grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case; and when inflectional affixes are
16、 added, the grammatical class of the stems(to which they are attached)will not change. For instance, car/cars, open/opened, boy/boys. (a)“-s“ in teachers(case) (b)“-ing“ in snowing(aspect) (c)“-est“ in newest(degree) (d)“-ed“ in jumped(tense) 【试题解析】 本题考查形态学领域涉及的重要概念 曲折语素，答案参照教程第 64页。 13 【正确答案】 Tense
17、 and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were not separated in traditional grammar. Based on the tense system in Latin grammar, English used to be said to have sixteen tenses. Nowadays, linguists make two distinctions: one between time and tense, and the other between tense and
18、 aspect. Time is a universal concept, which every language is capable of expressing; while tense is a linguistic concept, which varies from language to language. The difference between tense and aspect is that the former is deictic, i.e. indicating time relative to the time of utterance; while the l
19、atter is not deictic, the time indicated is not relative to the time of utterance, but relative to the time of another event described, or implied, in the narrative. As a result, there are only two tenses recognized now: past and present. The so-called future tense is not expressed in the same way a
20、s these two. That is, it is not expressed by morphology, not by the different forms of the verb, but by various other means, such as “will/shall + infinitive“ , “be going to + infinitive“, “present progressive aspect“, “simple present tense“ and “will/shall + progressive infinitive“. And will and sh
21、all are basically modal verbs like can and may. 【试题解析】 本题考查英语将来时的表达方式，答案参照教程 (修订版 )第117-118页。 14 【正确答案】 Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, gr
22、ammatical reference, etc. For example, “it“, “neither“ and “this“ all refer to an idea previously mentioned. “First of all“, “then“ and “after that“ help to sequence a text. “However“, “in addition“ and “for instance“ link ideas and arguments in a text. Coherence can be thought of as how meanings an
23、d sequences of ideas relate to each other. Typical examples would be general-particular, statement-example, problem-solution, question-answer, and claim-counter-claim. It is difficult to separate the two. However, think of coherence as the text making sense as a whole at an idea level, and cohesion
24、as rather more mechanical links at a language level. You can imagine that it is possible for a piece of writing to contain plenty of cohesion yet little coherence. 【试题解析】 本题考查衔接与连贯，答案参照语言研究 (第二版 )第 140 142页。同时，考生应灵活把握衔接与连贯的表现形式。 15 【正确答案】 What a speaker assumes is true or is known by the hearer can
25、be described as a presupposition. If someone tells you Your brother is waiting outside for you, there is an obvious presupposition that you have a brother. Constancy under negation test for presupposition is one of the tests used to check for the presuppositions underlying sentences involving negati
26、ng a sentence with a particular presupposition and considering whether the presupposition remains true. Take the sentence My car is a wreck. Now take the negative version of this sentence: My car is not a wreck. Notice that, although these two sentences have opposite meanings, the underlying presupposition, I have a car, remains true in both. The presuppositions are as follows: (a)You have a computer; John broke your computer. (b)The engineer is female; The engineer is pregnant. (c)He has a brother. 【试题解析】 本题考查语用学中的预设，答案参照语言研究 (第二版 )第 131一 132页。
