1、考研英语模拟试卷 149及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Black death that drove Newton from his college and into a momentous discovery, (1)_ England in 1665. Astronomical records of the ti
2、me show that (2)_ was a year of intense sun-spot activity, and studies of annual tree (3)_, which are wider when the sun is disturbed (4)_ that the terrible plague of 1348 was (5)_ accompanied by an active sun. This sounds incredible, (6)_ we now have evidence that the sun has a direct effect on som
3、e of our body (7)_. Over 120,000 tests made on people in a Black Sea (8)_ to measure the number of lymphocytes in their blood. These small cells normally (9)_ between 20 and 25 percent of mans white blood cells, but in years of great solar activity this (10)_ decreases. There was a biff drop during
4、the sunspot years of 1986 and 1987, and number of people (11)_ from diseases caused by a lymphocyte deficiency (12)_ doubled during the tremendous solar explosion of February 1986. Many of the bodys (13)_ seem to be influenced by sun-induced changes in the earths magnetic (14)_. If this is so, one (
5、15)_ to find that the nervous system, which depends on electrical stimuli, would be the most (16)_. A study of 5,580 coal mine accidents (17)_ the Ruhr river shows that most occurred on the day following solar activity. Studies of traffic accidents in Russia and in Germany show that these increase,
6、by as much as four (18)_ the average, on days after the (19)_ of a solar flare. This suggests that accidents may be (20)_ a disturbance deeper than a simple decrease in reaction time. These results make it clear that man is, among other things, a remarkably sensitive living sundial. （ A） blanketed （
7、 B） swept （ C） covered （ D） spread （ A） this （ B） such （ C） so （ D） either （ A） rings （ B） cycles （ C） circles （ D） rounds （ A） survey （ B） reveal （ C） predict （ D） release （ A） still （ B） even （ C） then （ D） also （ A） but （ B） because （ C） unless （ D） when （ A） chemistry （ B） construction （ C） phys
8、iology （ D） constitution （ A） retreat （ B） reserve （ C） resort （ D） refuge （ A） put in （ B） take over （ C） make up （ D） set off （ A） number （ B） figure （ C） share （ D） proportion （ A） suffered （ B） suffer （ C） suffering （ D） to suffer （ A） unexpectedly （ B） actually （ C） disappointedly （ D） practica
9、lly （ A） performances （ B） operations （ C） functions （ D） workings: （ A） environment （ B） field （ C） layer （ D） shell （ A） would expect （ B） expects （ C） expect （ D） expected （ A） affected （ B） respected （ C） protected （ D） connected （ A） beside （ B） at （ C） by （ D） on （ A） times above （ B） time （ C
10、） times in （ D） times （ A） formation （ B） explosion （ C） eruption （ D） propulsion （ A） due to （ B） apt for （ C） all but （ D） prior to Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 The Supreme Courts decisions on physic
11、ian-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect“, a centuries-old mor
12、al principle holding that an action having two effects a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen is permissible if the doctor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients
13、 pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain i
14、f that might has-ten death. “George Annas, chief of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor pre-scribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,“ he s
15、ays. “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.“ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that th
16、e assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching De
17、ath: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doct
18、ors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meanin
19、g medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,“ to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.“ He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear that painful deat
20、hs are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.“ 21 From the first three paragraphs, we learn that _. （ A） doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain （ B） it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives （ C
21、） the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide （ D） patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide 22 Which of the following statements its true according to the text? （ A） Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death. （ B） Modern medicine has assisted term
22、inally ill patients in painless recovery. （ C） The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed. （ D） A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions. 23 According to the NASs report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is _. （ A） prolonged medical proce
23、dures （ B） inadequate treatment of pain （ C） systematic drug abuse （ D） insufficient hospital care 24 Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive“(Paragraph 6)? （ A） Bold. （ B） Harmful. （ C） Careless. （ D） Desperate. 25 George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished i
24、f they _. （ A） manage their patients incompetently （ B） give patients more medicine than needed （ C） reduce drug dosages for their patients （ D） prolong the needless suffering of the patients 26 The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to
25、talk a bout things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experience in the organization. Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlant
26、a on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management department, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT image 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while d
27、oing your work well may win you pay increases, it wont secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are. Ridiculous beliefs? Not too many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, lik
28、e Coleman, feel that the scales have dropped from their eyes. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,“ says Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. “They think that if you work hard, youll get ahead that someone in au
29、thority will reach down and give you a promotion.“ She added, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down their visibility.“ Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to
30、 find their way into the spotlight. 26 According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid“(Para. 1) probably refers to “_“. （ A） the opinions which contradict the established beliefs （ B） criticisms that shape everyones experience （ C） the tendencies that help the newcomers to
31、see office matters with a fresh eye （ D） the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization 27 To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to _. （ A） work as a consultant to your superiors （ B） project a favorable image to t
32、he people around you （ C） let your superiors know how good you are （ D） perform well your tasks given by your superiors 28 The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they _. （ A） know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotion （ B） dont want people to
33、 think that their promotions were due to sex or color （ C） dont want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefs （ D） believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color 29 The best title for this passage would be _. （ A） The Importance of Being Visible （ B） Role of Wo
34、men and Minorities in Management （ C） Job Performance and Advancement （ D） Sex and Career Success 30 In the last paragraph, “play down their visibility“ refers to _. （ A） show off （ B） be very modest （ C） not show themselves （ D） to debase themselves 31 Under certain circumstances, the human body mu
35、st cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure. For example, gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made with scuba gear because the breathing equipment allows divers to stay underwater longer and dive deeper. The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for
36、 every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the external pressure applied to the body, otherwise breathing is very difficult. Therefore all of the gases in the air
37、 breathed by a scuba diver at 40 meters are present at five times their usual pressure. Nitrogen, which composes 80 percent of the air we breathe, usually causes a balmy feeling of well-being at this pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres, nitrogen causes symptoms resembling alcohol intoxication, kno
38、wn as nitrogen narcosis. Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct effect on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen cause under these pressurized helium does not exert a similar narcotic effect. As a scuba diver descends, the pressure of nitrogen in the lungs increases. Nitrogen then di
39、ffuses from the lungs to the blood, and from the blood to body tissues. The reverse occurs when the diver surfaces; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the blood, and from the blood into the lungs. If the return to the surface is too rapid, nitrog
40、en in the tissues and blood cannot diffuse out rapidly enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed. They can cause severe pains, particularly around the joints. Another complication may result if the breath is held during ascent. During ascent from a depth of 10 meters, the volume of air in the lungs wil
41、l double because the air pressure at the surface is only half of what it was at 10 meters. This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture. This condition is called air embolism. To avoid this event, a diver must ascend slowly, never at a rate exceeding the rise of the exhaled
42、air bubbles, and must exhale during ascent. 31 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） The equipment divers use. （ B） The effects of pressure on gases in the human body. （ C） How to prepare for a deep dive. （ D） The symptoms of nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream. 32 The word “diffuses“ in Para.
43、3 is closest in meaning to _. （ A） yields （ B） starts （ C） surfaces （ D） travels 33 What happens to nitrogen in body tissues if a diver ascends too quickly? （ A） It forms bubbles. （ B） It goes directly to the brain. （ C） It is reabsorbed by the lungs. （ D） It has a narcotic effect. 34 It can be infe
44、rred from the passage that which of the following presents the greatest danger to diver? （ A） Pressurized helium. （ B） Nitrogen diffusion. （ C） Nitrogen bubbles. （ D） An air embolism. 35 What should a driver do when ascending? （ A） Rise slowly. （ B） Breathe faster. （ C） Relax completely. （ D） Breath
45、e helium. 36 As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon cre
46、dentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants in to American society. The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn o
47、f the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and
48、counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, Unions, churches, and other agencies. Reformers early in the twen
49、tieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home. Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women. American education gave homemaking a ne
