1、Designation: C 618 08aStandard Specification forCoal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Usein Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 618; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers coal
3、fly ash and raw orcalcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete where cementi-tious or pozzolanic action, or both, is desired, or where otherproperties normally attributed to fly ash or pozzolans may bedesired, or where both objectives are to be achieved.NOTE 1Finely divided materials may tend to re
4、duce the entrained aircontent of concrete. Hence, if a fly ash or natural pozzolan is added to anyconcrete for which entrainment of air is specified, provision should bemade to ensure that the specified air content is maintained by air contenttests and by use of additional air-entraining admixture o
5、r use of anair-entraining admixture in combination with air-entraining hydrauliccement.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes,which provide explanatory in
6、formation. These notes and foot-notes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Po
7、zzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The terms used in this specification are defined inTerminology C 125.3.1.2 fly ashthe finely divided residue that results fromthe combustion of ground or powdered coal and that istransported by flue gasses.NOTE 2This defi
8、nition of fly ash does not include, among otherthings, the residue resulting from: (1) the burning of municipal garbage orany other refuse with coal; (2) the injection of lime directly into the boilerfor sulfur removal; or (3) the burning of industrial or municipal garbagein incinerators commonly kn
9、own as “incinerator ash.”4. Classification4.1 Class NRaw or calcined natural pozzolans that com-ply with the applicable requirements for the class as givenherein, such as some diatomaceous earths; opaline cherts andshales; tuffs and volcanic ashes or pumicites, calcined oruncalcined; and various mat
10、erials requiring calcination toinduce satisfactory properties, such as some clays and shales.4.2 Class FFly ash that meets the applicable requirementsfor this class as given herein. This class of fly ash haspozzolanic properties.4.3 Class CFly ash that meets the applicable requirementsfor this class
11、 as given herein. This class of fly ash, in additionto having pozzolanic properties, also has some cementitiousproperties.NOTE 3Class F fly ash is typically produced from burning anthraciteor bituminous coal, but may also be produced from subbituminous coaland from lignite. Class C fly ash is typica
12、lly produced from burning ligniteor subbituminous coal, and may also be produced from anthracite orbituminous coal. Class C fly ashes contain total calcium contents,expressed as calcium oxide (CaO), higher than 10 %.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser shall specify any supplementary optionalphy
13、sical requirements.5.2 The purchaser shall indicate which procedure, A or B,shall be used when specifying requirements for effectiveness incontribution to sulfate resistance under Table 3.6. Chemical Composition6.1 Fly ash and natural pozzolans shall conform to therequirements as to chemical composi
14、tion prescribed in Table 1.NOTE 4The chemical component determinations and the limits placed1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.Current ed
15、ition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C 61808.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa
16、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.on each do not predict the performance of the fly
17、 ash or natural pozzolanwith hydraulic cement in concrete, but collectively help describe compo-sition and uniformity of the material.7. Physical Properties7.1 Fly ash and natural pozzolans shall conform to thephysical requirements prescribed in Table 2. Supplementaryoptional physical requirements a
18、re shown in Table 3.8. Methods of Sampling and Testing8.1 Sample and test the fly ash or natural pozzolan inaccordance with the requirements of Test Methods C311.8.2 Use cement of the type proposed for use in the workand, if available, from the mill proposed as the source of thecement, in all tests
19、requiring the use of hydraulic cement.9. Storage and Inspection9.1 The fly ash or natural pozzolan shall be stored in such amanner as to permit easy access for proper inspection andidentification of each shipment.9.2 Inspection of the material shall be made as agreed uponby the purchaser and the sel
20、ler as part of the purchase contract.10. Rejection10.1 The purchaser has the right to reject material that failsto conform to the requirements of this specification. Rejectionshall be reported to the producer or supplier promptly and inwriting.10.2 The purchaser has the right to reject packages vary
21、ingmore than 5 % from the stated weight. The purchaser also hasthe right to reject the entire shipment if the average weight ofthe packages in any shipment, as shown by weighing 50packages taken at random, is less than that specified.10.3 The purchaser has the right to require that material instorag
22、e prior to shipment for a period longer than 6 monthsafter testing be retested. The purchaser has the right to rejectsuch material if it fails to meet the fineness requirements.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsClassNF CSilicon dioxide (SiO2) plus aluminum oxide (Al2O3) plus iron oxide (Fe2O3),min, %70.0
23、 70.0 50.0Sulfur trioxide (SO3), max, % 4.0 5.0 5.0Moisture content, max, % 3.0 3.0 3.0Loss on ignition, max, % 10.0 6.0A6.0AThe use of Class F pozzolan containing up to 12.0 % loss on ignition may be approved by the user if either acceptable performance records or laboratory test resultsare made av
24、ailable.TABLE 2 Physical RequirementsClassNFCFineness:Amount retained when wet-sieved on 45 m (No. 325) sieve, max, % 34 34 34Strength activity index:AWith portland cement, at 7 days, min, percent ofcontrol75B75B75BWith portland cement, at 28 days, min, percent ofcontrol75B75B75BWater requirement, m
25、ax, percent of control 115 105 105Soundness:CAutoclave expansion or contraction, max, % 0.8 0.8 0.8Uniformity requirements:The density and fineness of individual samplesshall not vary from the average established by theten preceding tests, or by all preceding tests if thenumber is less than ten, by
26、more than:Density, max variation from average, % 5 5 5Percent retained on 45-m (No. 325), max variation,percentage points from average55AThe strength activity index with portland cement is not to be considered a measure of the compressive strength of concrete containing the fly ash or natural pozzol
27、an.The mass of fly ash or natural pozzolan specified for the test to determine the strength activity index with portland cement is not considered to be the proportionrecommended for the concrete to be used in the work. The optimum amount of fly ash or natural pozzolan for any specific project is det
28、ermined by the required propertiesof the concrete and other constituents of the concrete and is to be established by testing. Strength activity index with portland cement is a measure of reactivity with a givencement and is subject to variation depending on the source of both the fly ash or natural
29、pozzolan and the cement.BMeeting the 7 day or 28 day strength activity index will indicate specification compliance.CIf the fly ash or natural pozzolan will constitute more than 20 % by mass of the cementitious material in the project mixture, the test specimens for autoclave expansionshall contain
30、that anticipated percentage. Excessive autoclave expansion is highly significant in cases where water to cementitious material ratios are low, for example,in block or shotcrete mixtures.C 618 08a211. Packaging and Package Marking11.1 When the fly ash or natural pozzolan is delivered inpackages, the
31、class, name, and brand of the producer, and theweight of the material contained therein, shall be plainlymarked on each package. Similar information shall be providedin the shipping invoices accompanying the shipment of pack-aged or bulk material.12. Keywords12.1 fly ash; natural pozzolan; pozzolans
32、SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,C 618 08, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved October 1, 2008)(1) Revised Table 3 to remove the optional requirement for themultiple factor and the associat
33、ed table footnote A.Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,C 618 05, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved March 1, 2008)(1) Revised 4.2, 4.3, Note 3, and Footnote C of Table 3.ASTM International takes no position r
34、especting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.Thi
35、s standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Inte
36、rnational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown
37、below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-95
38、55 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 3 Supplementary Optional Physical RequirementsNOTE 1These optional requirements apply only when specifically requested.ClassNFCIncrease of drying shrinkage of mortar bars at 28 days, max, difference, in %,over con
39、trolA0.03 0.03 0.03Uniformity Requirements:In addition, when air-entraining concrete is specified, the quantity of air-entraining agent required to produce an air content of 18.0 vol % of mortarshall not vary from the average established by the ten preceding tests or by allpreceding tests if less th
40、an ten, by more than, %20 20 20Effectiveness in Controlling Alkali-Silica Reaction:BExpansion of test mixture as percentage of low-alkali cement control, at 14days, max, %100 100 100Effectiveness in Contributing to Sulfate Resistance:CProcedure A:Expansion of test mixture:For moderate sulfate exposu
41、re after 6 months exposure, max, % 0.10 0.10 0.10For high sulfate exposure after 6 months exposure, max, % 0.05 0.05 0.05Procedure B:Expansion of test mixture as a percentage of sulfate resistance cementcontrol after at least 6 months exposure, max,%100 100 100ADetermination of compliance or noncomp
42、liance with the requirement relating to increase in drying shrinkage will be made only at the request of the purchaser.BFly ash or natural pozzolans meeting this requirement are considered as effective in controlling alkali silica reactions as the use of the low-alkali control cement usedin the eval
43、uation. However, the fly ash or natural pozzolan shall be considered effective only when used at percentages by mass of the total cementitious material equalto or exceeding that used in the tests and when the alkali content of the cement to be used does not exceed that used in the tests by more than
44、 0.05 %. See AppendixXI, Test Methods C311.CFly ash or natural pozzolan shall be considered effective only when the fly ash or natural pozzolan is used at percentages, by mass, of the total cementitious materialwithin 2 % of those that are successful in the test mixtures or between two percentages that are successful, and when the C3A content of the project cement is less than,or equal to, that which was used in the test mixtures. See Appendix X2 of Test Method C311.C 618 08a3
