1、Designation: C634 131Standard Terminology Relating toBuilding and Environmental Acoustics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C634; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial corrections made throughout in October 2016.INTRODUCTIONIn some of the entries, those that are measures of physical quantities, the term i
3、s followed by severalitems: an abbreviation or a symbol, or both, the dimensions of quantities, the measurement units, andthe part of speech. The abbreviation, where applicable, indicates the term as typically referenced. Thesymbol stands for the magnitude of the quantity in mathematical expressions
4、. The dimensions of aquantity express its measure in terms of three fundamental quantities: M for mass, L for length, andT for time. Speed, for instance, is the quotient obtained when the distance an object moves is dividedby the time involved. The dimensions are LT1, the negative exponent indicatin
5、g division. Themeasurement units are consistently in SI, Le Systme International dUnits. Those still using the cgs(centimetre-gram-second) or the inchpound system of units are referred for most of the conversionfactors to IEEE/ ASTM SI 10. Some conversion factors are listed in Section 5 of this docu
6、ment forconvenient reference.The dimensions of a quantity are the same regardless of the units in which the quantity is measured.Speed has the dimensions LT1 whether it is measured in miles per hour, feet per second, or metresper second. Quantities with different dimensions are not the same. Flow re
7、sistance and specific flowresistance, for instance, are quantities of different kinds even though the names are similar. On theother hand, quantities with the same dimensions are not necessarily of the same kind. Sound energydensity, for instance, has the same dimensions as sound pressure, ML1T2, bu
8、t it is not a kind ofsound pressure. Nor is absorption with the dimensions L2 a kind of area.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms and definitions related toenvironmental acoustics. Only definitions common to two ormore standards under the jurisdiction of Committee E33 arelisted here. The purpos
9、e of this terminology is to promoteuniformity of key definitions. Definitions pertinent to only onestandard and exceptions to the definitions listed below arecontained in the individual standards and should be used whenfollowing those standards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C367 Test Me
10、thods for Strength Properties of PrefabricatedArchitectural Acoustical Tile or Lay-In Ceiling PanelsC384 Test Method for Impedance and Absorption of Acous-tical Materials by Impedance Tube MethodC423 Test Method for SoundAbsorption and SoundAbsorp-tion Coefficients by the Reverberation Room MethodC5
11、22 Test Method for Airflow Resistance of AcousticalMaterialsC635 Specification for the Manufacture, Performance, andTesting of Metal Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tileand Lay-in Panel CeilingsC636 Practice for Installation of Metal Ceiling SuspensionSystems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-In PanelsE
12、90 Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of AirborneSound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions andElementsE336 Test Method for Measurement of Airborne SoundAttenuation between Rooms in BuildingsE413 Classification for Rating Sound Insulation1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
13、mmittee E33 onBuilding and Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee E33.07 on Definitions and Editorial.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C634 11. DOI:10.1520/C0634-1
14、3E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
15、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E477 Test Method for Laboratory Measurements of Acous-tical andAirflow Performance of Duct Liner Materials andPrefabricated SilencersE492 Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of ImpactSound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling AssembliesUsing
16、 the Tapping MachineE557 Guide for Architectural Design and Installation Prac-tices for Sound Isolation between Spaces Separated byOperable PartitionsE596 Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of NoiseReduction of Sound-Isolating EnclosuresE756 Test Method for Measuring Vibration-Damping Prop-ertie
17、s of MaterialsE795 Practices for Mounting Test Specimens During SoundAbsorption TestsE966 Guide for Field Measurements of Airborne SoundAttenuation of Building Facades and Facade ElementsE989 Classification for Determination of Impact InsulationClass (IIC)E1007 Test Method for Field Measurement of T
18、appingMachine Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling Assemblies and Associated Support StructuresE1014 Guide for Measurement of Outdoor A-WeightedSound LevelsE1042 Classification for Acoustically Absorptive MaterialsApplied by Trowel or SprayE1050 Test Method for Impedance and Absorption of
19、Acoustical Materials Using a Tube, Two Microphones anda Digital Frequency Analysis SystemE1110 Classification for Determination of Articulation ClassE1111 Test Method for Measuring the Interzone Attenuationof Open Office ComponentsE1123 Practices for Mounting Test Specimens for SoundTransmission Los
20、s Testing of Naval and Marine ShipBulkhead Treatment MaterialsE1124 Test Method for Field Measurement of Sound PowerLevel by the Two-Surface MethodE1130 Test Method for Objective Measurement of SpeechPrivacy in Open Plan Spaces Using Articulation IndexE1179 Specification for Sound Sources Used for T
21、estingOpen Office Components and SystemsE1222 Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of theInsertion Loss of Pipe Lagging SystemsE1264 Classification for Acoustical Ceiling ProductsE1265 Test Method for Measuring Insertion Loss of Pneu-matic Exhaust SilencersE1289 Specification for Reference Specime
22、n for SoundTransmission LossE1332 Classification for Rating Outdoor-Indoor Sound At-tenuationE1374 Guide for Open Office Acoustics and ApplicableASTM StandardsE1414 Test Method for Airborne Sound Attenuation Be-tween Rooms Sharing a Common Ceiling PlenumE1503 Test Method for Conducting Outdoor Sound
23、 Mea-surements Using a Digital Statistical Sound AnalysisSystemE1573 Test Method for Evaluating Masking Sound in OpenOffices Using A-Weighted and One-Third Octave BandSound Pressure LevelsE1574 Test Method for Measurement of Sound in Residen-tial SpacesE1686 Guide for Applying Environmental Noise Me
24、asure-ment Methods and CriteriaE1704 Guide for Specifying Acoustical Performance ofSound-Isolating EnclosuresE1780 Guide for Measuring Outdoor Sound Received froma Nearby Fixed SourceE2179 Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of theEffectiveness of Floor Coverings in Reducing ImpactSound Transmiss
25、ion Through Concrete FloorsE2202 Practice for Measurement of Equipment-GeneratedContinuous Noise for Assessment of Health HazardsE2235 Test Method for Determination of Decay Rates forUse in Sound Insulation Test MethodsE2249 Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Air-borne Transmission Loss of Bu
26、ilding Partitions and Ele-ments Using Sound IntensityE2459 Guide for Measurement of In-Duct Sound PressureLevels from Large Industrial Gas Turbines and FansE2638 Test Method for Objective Measurement of theSpeech Privacy Provided by a Closed RoomIEEE/ ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
27、System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 ANSI Standard:ANSI S1.4 Specification for Sound Level Meters3ANSI S1.6 Preferred Frequencies, Frequency Levels, andBand Numbers for Acoustical MeasurementsANSI S1.11 Octave-Band and Fractional Octave-Band Ana-log and Digital Filters, Specifications f
28、or3. Terminology3.1 If the term sought by the user cannot be found in 3.2,itmay be found in 4.1.3.2 Definitions:acoustic impedance, ZML4T1, (mks acoustic ohm orPas/m3), nof a surface, for a given frequency, the complexquotient obtained when the sound pressure averaged over thesurface is divided by t
29、he volume velocity through thesurface. The real and imaginary components are called,respectively, acoustic resistance and acoustic reactance.ZR1jX (1)where:R = the real component of acoustic impedance, andX = the imaginary component of acoustic impedance.acoustical barrier, ncontiguous objects such
30、as solid walls,buildings, or earthen berms that substantially block the directpath of sound between a source and receiver, and which, ifthey have an open edge or edges allowing diffraction around3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 1003
31、6, http:/www.ansi.org.C634 1312them, are sufficiently wide and high to cause significantreduction of the sound traveling from the source to thereceiver.acoustical material, nany material considered in terms of itsacoustical properties. Commonly and especially, a materialdesigned to absorb sound.admi
32、ttance ratio, ycdimensionless, nthe reciprocal of theimpedance ratio. The real and imaginary components arecalled, respectively, conductance ratio and susceptanceratio.ypcgpc 2 jbpc (2)where:gc = the real component of admittance ratio, andbc = the imaginary component of admittance ratio.airborne sou
33、nd, nsound that arrives at the point of interest,such as one side of a partition, by propagation through air.airflow resistance, RML4T1, (mks acoustic ohm or Pas/m3), nthe quotient of the air pressure difference across aspecimen divided by the volume velocity of airflow throughthe specimen. The pres
34、sure difference and the volumevelocity may be either steady or alternating.airflow resistivity, roML3T1, (mks rayl/m or Pas/m2),nof a homogeneous material, the quotient of its specificairflow resistance divided by its thickness.ambient noise, nthe composite of airborne sound from manysources near an
35、d far associated with a given environment.No particular sound is singled out for interest.arithmetic mean sound pressure level, nof several relatedsound pressure levels measured at different positions ordifferent times, or both, in a specified frequency band, thesum of the sound pressure levels divi
36、ded by the number oflevels.DISCUSSIONThe arithmetic mean sound pressure level is sometimesused to approximate the average sound pressure level. The accuracyof this approximation depends upon the range of sound pressure levels.average sound pressure level, Lpdimensionless, nof sev-eral related sound
37、pressure levels measured at different posi-tions or different times, or both, in a specified frequency band,ten times the common logarithm of the arithmetic mean of thesquared pressure ratios from which the individual levels werederived.DISCUSSION1An average sound pressure level obtained by aver-agi
38、ng the A-weighted sound level continuously over a specified periodis called the time-average sound level.DISCUSSION2Since, by definition, a squared pressure ratio, pi2/p02, is equal to 10Li/10, average sound pressure level is calculated fromthe expression:Lp5 10log10S1n(i51n10Li/10D(3)where:Lp= aver
39、age sound pressure level, dB,n = number of individual sound pressure levels,pi= rms pressure at an individual position or time, or both,Pa,p0= 20 Pa, reference sound pressure, andLi= an individual sound pressure level, dB.If conditions warrant, an integral expression may be used:Lp5 10log10S1T*t1t2p
40、2t!/p02! dtD (4)where:Lp= average sound pressure level during a specified timeinterval, dB,T =t2t1= a specified time interval, s, min, h, or day,p(t) = instantaneous sound pressure, Pa, andp0= 20 Pa, reference sound pressure.background noise, nnoise from all sources unrelated to aparticular sound th
41、at is the object of interest. Backgroundnoise may include airborne, structureborne, and instrumentnoise.cutoff frequency, nof an anechoic wedge or set of wedges,the lowest frequency above which the normal incidencesound absorption coefficient is at least 0.990.damp, vto cause a loss or dissipation o
42、f the oscillatory orvibrational energy of an electrical or mechanical system.decay rate, dT1, (dB/s), nfor airborne sound, the rate ofdecrease of sound pressure level after the source of soundhas stopped; for vibration, the rate of decrease of vibratoryacceleration, velocity, or displacement level a
43、fter the exci-tation has stopped.decibel, dBdimensionless, nthe term used to identify tentimes the common logarithm of the ratio of two likequantities proportional to power or energy. (See level, soundtransmission loss.) Thus, one decibel corresponds to apower ratio of 100.1and n decibels correspond
44、s to a powerratio of (100.1)n.DISCUSSIONSince the decibel expresses the ratio of two likequantities, it has no dimensions. It is, however, common practice totreat “decibel” as a unit as, for example, in the sentence, “The averagesound pressure level in the room is 45 decibels.”diffraction, na change
45、 in the direction of propagation ofsound energy in the neighborhood of a boundarydiscontinuity, such as the edge of a reflective or absorptivesurface.diffuse sound field, nthe sound in a region where the soundintensity is the same in all directions and at every point.direct sound field, nthe sound t
46、hat arrives directly from asource without reflection.dummy microphone, na microphone substitute which haselectrical characteristics identical to a functionalmicrophone, but which has essentially no sensitivity toincident sound pressure.field sound transmission class, FSTCdimensionless,nsound transmi
47、ssion class calculated in accordance withClassification E413 using values of field transmission loss.C634 1313field transmission loss, FTLdimensionless, nsound trans-mission loss measured in accordance with Annex A1 of TestMethod E336.flanking transmission, ntransmission of sound from thesource to a
48、 receiving location by a path other than that underconsideration.impact insulation class, IICdimensionless, na single-number rating derived from measured values of normalizedimpact sound pressure levels in accordance with Annex A1of Test Method E492. It provides an estimate of the impactsound insula
49、ting performance of a floor-ceiling assembly.impedance ratio, z/cdimensionless, nthe ratio of thespecific normal acoustic impedance at a surface to thecharacteristic impedance of the medium. The real andimaginary components are called, respectively, resistanceratio and reactance ratio.zpcrpc1jxpc (5)where:r/c = the real component of impedance ratio, andx/c = the imaginary component of impedance ratio.impulsive sound, na brief, intrusive sound, such as thatassociated with a tir
