1、Designation: C648 04 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forBreaking Strength of Ceramic Tile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-ing strength of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile,quarry tile, and p
3、aver tile, having a facial area of at least 1 in.2(6.4 cm2).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does no
4、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard
5、s:2C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and RelatedProductsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in Section 1,refer to Terminology C242.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test method consists of supporting
6、the tile on theends of three cylindrical rods, or on three ball bearings for tileshaving an actual facial area of 9 in.2(58 cm2) (or less),arranged in an equilateral triangle, and applying force at adefinite rate to the center of the tile, which coincides with thecenter of the triangular support, un
7、til the specimen breaks.NOTE 1The size (facial dimensions) of otherwise equal tile affects thevalue of breaking strength obtained by this test method. For instance, a 6by 6-in. (152 by 152-mm) tile equal in mature body properties andthickness to a 414 by 414-in. (108 by 108-mm) tile will have a brea
8、kingstrength higher than the 414 by 414-in. tile.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test method provides means for establishingwhether or not a lot of ceramic tile meets the strengthrequirements which may appear in tile specifications. Tilestrength is the force in pounds-force (or newtons), as read from
9、the pressure gage, necessary to cause the tile to break.6. Apparatus6.1 Specimen-Support, consisting of a 512 by 512 by 1-in.(139.7 by 139.7 by 25.4-mm) steel block. Three14-in. (6.4-mm) diameter and38-in. (9.5-mm) deep tapped holes arearranged in an equilateral triangle having 3-in. (76.2-mm) sides
10、and whose circumscribed circle has a radius of 1.732 in.(44.0 mm). The equilateral triangle is located on the steel blockso that its center coincides with that of the steel block and oneside of the triangle runs parallel to one side of the steel block.Three38-in. diameter steel rods, 138 in. with (3
11、4.9 mm) long,one end threaded for a distance of38 in. with the same14-in.thread as the tapped holes, and the other end ground flat, fit intothe three holes. In a similar manner, a second set of three38-in.diameter steel rods, but34 in. (19.0 mm) long only, arethreaded on one end for a distance of38-
12、in., are ground flat onthe other end and fit three other14-in. tapped holes. The three14-in. holes, tapped for a distance of38 in. to receive thissecond set of steel rods are located at the apexes of anequilateral triangle having 112-in. (38.1-mm) long sides andwhose circumscribed circle has a radiu
13、s of 0.866 in. (22.0 mm).This second equilateral triangle is located within the first one insuch a manner that its circumscribed circle is identical with theinscribed circle of the first triangle, and its sides are parallel tothose of the larger triangle. The ball bearing support consists ofthree18-
14、in. (3.2-mm) ball bearings arranged in an equilateraltriangle, with sides of 14 mm concentric and parallel with theother triangles. The bearings are embedded in the block to theextent of half their volume. The steel block has four more14-in. tapped holes to receive socket head cap screws forholding
15、four registry stops. One of these holes is located in thecenter of one side,14 in. in from the edge. Another of these islocated in the center of an adjacent side14 in. from the edge.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Productsand is the d
16、irect responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C648 04 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/C0648-04R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.or
17、g, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1The other two
18、are located on an adjacent side,14 in. in from theedge, spaced 2 in. (50.8 mm) apart, with one located 134 in.(44.4 mm) from one of the corners of the first side. The twosingle hole registry stops are used with the ball bearingsupport. The double hole registry stop and the adjacent edgesingle stop a
19、re to be used with the sets of rod supports. Threeof the registry stops designed for use with the cylindrical rodsupports consist of18-in. (3.2-mm) thick steel strips,34 in.wide, 2 in. long, with a14-in. wide slot extending for the full2-in. length of the strip. The slot is open on one end and theot
20、her end of each steel strip has a34 in. wide and 112 in. highprojection,18 in. thick, which will contact the edges of the tilewhen in proper position for use. The other two registry stops,designed for use with the ball bearing support, have exactly thesame dimensions except for their projection heig
21、ht which is58 in. The projection is obtained by making the steel stripsactually 312 in. (88.9 mm) long and bending them at rightangles to obtain the 112-in. or58-in. (38.1-mm or 15.9-mm)high projection. Each of the three registry stops can be fastenedwith washer and socket head cap screw through its
22、 slot in anyone of numerous positions. Being adjustable, they serve asregistry stops for the different sizes of tile which may bebroken over these supports. For tile of dimensions 414 in.(107.9 mm) or smaller, the projections will be located on thatend of the strip nearest to the support block; for
23、tile havingdimensions larger than 414 in., the strips are reversed so thatthe projections are located on the end of the steel strips awayfrom the support block (see Fig. 1). For certain mosaic tileswith dimensions of less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) length, it isnecessary to reverse the position of the reg
24、istry stops so that thetile is supported with the slot ends in order to avoid interfer-ence with the force applicator.6.2 Force Applicator Force is applied in the exact centerof the triangular support by means of a12-in. (12.7-mm)diameter stainless steel ball bearing, countersunk to a depth of1764 i
25、n. (6.7 mm) into one end of a 1-in. (25.4-mm) diameterand 2-in. long steel rod. A332-in. (2.4-mm) thick retainingFIG. 1 Support Block Assembly (See Table 1)C648 04 (2014)2collar prevents the ball from falling out of its recess and isfastened to the steel rod by four332-in. 3-48 NC screws,38 in.(9.5
26、mm) long, with countersunk heads. The opposite end ofthe steel rod is reduced in diameter for the proper distance andthreaded to fit its female counterpart of the testing machine (seeFig. 2).6.3 Testing Machine Any apparatus, preferably motordriven, capable of maintaining a uniform load application
27、rateof 800 to 1100 lbf (3600 to 4900 N)/min and large enough toaccommodate the steel support block, shall be consideredsuitable testing equipment. The machine must be equippedwith an interchangeable gage, which has a special peakloadindicator that will remain at the highest reading reached duringthe
28、 test, until reset by hand to the zero point. The scale of thegage used shall have such a range that the breaking load of thetest specimens falls between 10 and 90 % of the scale capacity.The scale shall be graduated into 100 or more equal incre-ments.7. Test Specimen7.1 Size of SampleSelect tile sp
29、ecimens at random fromthe lot to be tested and in the quantities designated in thespecification. However, the number of tile per sample shallnever be less than 10.7.2 Cutting of SpecimensIt may be necessary to cut tilesamples down to a size that will fit the testing apparatus. A wetsaw should be use
30、d for this. An equal amount may be trimmedfrom each edge such that the sample is the largest possible sizethat can be accommodated by the testing apparatus.7.3 Preparation of SpecimensRemove any loosely adher-ing clay particles from the back of each tile with a stiff brush.8. Procedure8.1 Place the
31、steel support block into the testing machine sothat the load applicator is directly above the center of the steelblock. For tile having actual facial area greater than or equal to62 in.2(400 cm2), use the support and rods represented by thelarger triangle. For tile with actual facial areas greater t
32、han to9 in.2and less than 62 in.2(58 cm2and 400 cm2) use thesmaller triangle and rod supports. For actual facial area greaterthan 1 in.2and less than or equal to 9 in.2(6.4 cm2and 58 cm2) use the ball bearing support.8.2 Find the exact center of one tile of the sample bydrawing lines across the face
33、 of the tile, connecting diagonallyopposite corners, and place this tile on the proper three-pointsupport. The face of any tile to be broken must always be in anupward position. In the case of reversible tile, such as unglazedceramic mosaic tile, it is immaterial which side of the tile is up.Tile wi
34、th directional back designs must be placed on thetriangular support so that any ribs or grooves run parallel tothose support rods which are arranged parallel to one side ofthe steel block.8.3 Lower the load applicator and move the tile with thediagonal lines so that its center is directly below the
35、center ofthe load applicator ball. With the tile in this position, move thethree adjustable registry stops so that their vertical projectionsare in contact with two adjacent sides of the tile and fastenthem in that position. It may be necessary to remove one of thesupport rods, by unscrewing it from
36、 the 512 -in. (140-mm)square steel block, in order to position all the registry stopswithout interference. If the tile is a size such that the verticalprojections on the registry stops will interfere with the forceapplication, use the slot ends of the registry stops to fix theposition of the tile. E
37、xcept for minor size variations, theregistry stops will now locate every tile of the sample in therelatively same spot on the support, so that force is applied inthe approximate center of each tile.8.4 Position a safety shield around the apparatus so that noperson or property will be injured from po
38、ssible contact withbroken tile. The use of a safety shield is mandatory in testingthe breaking strength of ceramic mosaic tile, which can breakinto shrapnel-like fragments.TABLE 1 Conversion of Dimensions Appearing in Figs. 1 and 2in. mm in. mm18 3.2 138 34.914 6.4 112 38.11764 6.7 14764 44.138 9.5
39、134 44.412 12.7 2 50.80.645 16.4 212 63.534 19.0 234 69.82532 19.8 31532 88.10.866 22.0 512 139.71 25.4FIG. 2 Force Applicator Details (See Table 1)C648 04 (2014)38.5 Whenever the approximate force required to break theparticular type of tile is not known, it is necessary to breakseveral tile prior
40、to starting the test in order to establish therange of the gage to be used. Install the proper gage and set thepeak-load indicator to zero.8.6 Apply force at the rate of 800 to 1100 lbf (3600 to4900 N) min until the tile actually breaks into two or morepieces. Read the force on the gage by interpola
41、tion to thenearest 1 lbf (4 N). Record this pressure and reset the gage tozero.8.7 Remove any debris from the surface of the steel blockwith a brush. Place the next tile on the triangular support withtwo adjacent sides in contact with the registry stops and repeatthe operation until all of the tile
42、in the sample have beenbroken.9. Calculation9.1 Average the breaking forces for all of the tile in thesample.9.2 If any one individual breaking force appears to deviatemarkedly from the others of the sample, it may be eliminatedbefore the average is calculated only after the criteria inPractice E178
43、 have been applied and justify elimination.9.3 Should it become necessary to eliminate more than20 % of the individual values in a sample in accordance with9.2, repeat the test on sample containing twice the number ofspecimens in the original one. In that case, only breaking forcesfrom the repeat te
44、st shall be used to arrive at the averagestrength of the sample.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Name and model number of the testing machine,10.1.2 Range of the gage used,10.1.3 Identification of the triangular support used intesting, by stating the length of its sides,10.1.4
45、Type of tile tested, whether glazed or unglazed.10.1.5 Number of specimens in the sample; also statewhether it is a repeat test, and10.1.6 Average strength in pounds-force (or newtons) of thesample.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The maximum difference between breaking strengthsdetermined by laboratories
46、 testing tile from the same lots was20 % of the lower value, and the difference was less than 5 %for 50 % of the lots tested. An overall difference of 712 %existed between laboratories in a test series of 19 lots of walltile.12. Keywords12.1 breaking strength; ceramic tileASTM International takes no
47、 position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own respons
48、ibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed t
49、o ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may
