1、Designation: C654 15Standard Specification forPorous Concrete Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C654; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers porous nonreinforced concretepipe for use in underdr
3、ains.1.2 A complete metric companion to this specification hasbeen developed 654M; therefore, no metric equivalents arepresented in this specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Speci
4、fication for Air-Entraining Admixturesfor ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for
5、 Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use inConcrete and MortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forUse in Producing Flowing ConcreteC1116/C1116M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteC1602/C1
6、602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduction of Hydraulic Cement Concrete3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.4. Classification4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shallbe of two classes identified as “Stan
7、dard-Strength PorousNonreinforced Concrete Pipe” and “Extra-Strength PorousNonreinforced Concrete Pipe.”5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 The acceptability of the pipe shall be determined by theresults of the strength and porosity or rate of infiltration tests,and by inspection to determine whether the pipe
8、 conforms tothis specification as to design and freedom from defects.5.2 The pipe shall be acceptable under the strength testswhen they have met the requirements as prescribed in Section10.5.3 Acceptance as to Infiltration PropertiesPipe shall beacceptable under the infiltration test when all test p
9、ipe conformto the test requirements as prescribed in Section 10.6. Materials6.1 ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitiousmaterials, mineral aggregates, admixtures, if used, and water.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specif
10、ication C150/C150M or shall beportland blast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestone cement,or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirementsof Specification C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan con-stituent in the Type IP portlandpozzolan cement shall be flyash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall c
11、onform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to the re-quirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989/C989M.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshal
12、l be one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland-limestone cement only,1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of
13、Subcommittee C13.01 onNon-Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Drain and Irrigation Pipe.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C654 11. DOI:10.1520/C0654-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, ww
14、w.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.2.4
15、.5 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and fly ash,6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and slag cement,6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement, fly ash, and slag cement, or6.2.4.8 A combination of portland-pozz
16、olan cement and flyash.6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33/C33M, except that the requirementfor gradation shall not apply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends areallowable:6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to SpecificationC260/C260M;6
17、.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to SpecificationC494/C494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowingconcrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.6.5 FibersSynthetic fibers and nonsynthetic fibers shall beallowed to be us
18、ed, at the manufacturers option, in concretepipe as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Synthetic fibers(Type II and Type III) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type I) designedand manufactured specifically for use in concrete and conform-ing to the requirements of Specification C1116/C1116M shallbe accep
19、ted.6.6 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shallbe potable or nonpotable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.7. Design7.1 Design TablesDesign requirements shall be in accor-dance with Table 1 and Table 2 and Fig. 1. Wall thickness usedshall be not less than the
20、value shown, except as affected by thetolerance herein specified.8. Joints8.1 The joints shall be of such design and the ends of theconcrete pipe sections so formed that the pipe can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pipe compatible with thepermissible variations given in Section 7.9. Man
21、ufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand design requirements of this specification.9.2 CuringPipe s
22、hall be subjected to any one of themethods of curing described in 9.2.1 through 9.2.3,ortoanyother method or combination of methods approved by theowner that will give satisfactory results. The pipe shall becured for a sufficient length of time so that the concrete willdevelop the specified strength
23、 requirement at 28 days or less.9.2.1 Steam CuringPipe shall be placed in a curingchamber, free from outside drafts, and cured in a moistatmosphere maintained by the injection of steam for such timeand at such temperature as needed to enable the pipe to meetthe strength requirements. The curing cham
24、ber shall be con-structed as to allow full circulation of steam around the entirepipe.9.2.2 Water CuringConcrete pipe shall be water-cured bycovering with water-saturated material or by a system ofperforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers, porous hose, or by anyother approved method that will keep the
25、 pipe moist during thespecified curing period.9.2.3 The manufacturer has the option to combine themethods described in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2 provided the specifiedstrength is attained.9.3 Specials:9.3.1 General RequirementsSpecial shapes or fittingssuch as wyes, tees, bends, and adapters for use with conc
26、retepipe conforming to this specification shall be made of porousor nonporous concrete in such manner as will provide strengthat least equal to the class of the adjacent pipe to which they arejoined; and shall conform to all other requirements specifiedfor pipe of corresponding class and internal di
27、ameter, exceptminimum infiltration. Joints shall be the same type as used inthe adjoining pipe.9.3.2 Wyes and TeesFabricated branches for wyes and teesshall be securely attached to the wall of the pipe and shall beflush with the inside surface of the pipe.TABLE 1 Physical and Dimensional Requirement
28、s of Porous Concrete PipeInternal DesignatedDiameter, DMinimumAWall Thickness,TMinimum Laying LengthAMinimum Socket Depth,LsMinimum Strength Three-Edge-BearingMinimum Infiltrationin. in. in. in. lbf/ft gal/minft4 1 24 1 1000 46 1 24 1 1100 68114 24 114 1300 810 118 24 118 1400 1012 112 24 112 1500 1
29、215 134 24 134 1750 1518 2 24 2 2000 1821 214 24 214 2200 2124 212 24 212 2400 24ANormally the minimum laying length is 24 in. in length, but if the owner has no objections, then 18-in. length pipe up to 12 in. in diameter shall be acceptable.C654 15210. Physical Requirements10.1 Test SpecimenThe sp
30、ecified number of pipe requiredfor the test shall be furnished by the manufacturer and shall beselected at random by the owner, and shall be pipe that wouldnot otherwise be rejected under this specification. The selectionshall be made at the point or points designated by the ownerwhen placing the or
31、der. The test pipe shall first be freed fromall visible moisture. When dry, each pipe shall be measured andinspected. The results of these observations shall be recorded.10.2 Number and Type of Test SpecimensThe manufac-turer shall furnish pipe for crushing tests, up to 0.5 % of thenumber of pipe of
32、 each size included in the order, except thatin no case shall less than two pipes be furnished.10.3 External Load Crushing RequirementsThe crushingstrength of porous nonreinforced concrete pipe shall conformto the requirements prescribed in Table 1 and Table 2. Theindividual results of the various t
33、ests for each size of pipe andfor each shipment and plant shall be tabulated separately. Thecrushing strength shall ordinarily be applied to not less than75 % of the pipe received for purpose of test. All tests shall bemade in accordance with Test Methods C497. Pipe shall beacceptable when all test
34、pipe conform to the specified strengthrequirement. Should any of the test pipe provided in 10.2 failto meet the strength requirement, the manufacturer will beallowed to test two pipe for each pipe that failed, and the pipeshall be acceptable only when all of these additional test pipemeet the streng
35、th requirement.10.4 Infiltration RequirementInfiltration (or porosity)shall conform to the requirements in Table 1 or Table 2.10.4.1 The test pipe shall be placed with a spigot end downon a soft rubber nonpermeable mat, or its equivalent, andweighted or clamped down if necessary to prevent the escap
36、eof water through the spigot end of the pipe.10.4.2 Water shall be introduced into the pipe, and thedistance above the bottom of the porous section at which thewater level becomes constant shall be determined. The rate offlow shall be at least equal to the required minimum infiltrationfor 1 ft of pi
37、pe as given in Table 1 or Table 2.10.4.3 The rate of infiltration per foot of pipe shall bedetermined as follows:GPM 5 g/hwhere:GPM = infiltration rate in gallons per minute per foot ofpipe,g = gallons per minute of flow introduced into the testpipe, andh = height in feet from the bottom of the poro
38、us sectionof the pipe at which the level of water becomesconstant.10.5 Test EquipmentThe manufacturer shall furnish allequipment, facilities, and personnel necessary to perform at hisplant the tests specified in Section 10. In the event that theowner elects to have tests performed at any other locat
39、ion, theTABLE 2 Physical and Dimensional Requirements of Extra-Strength Porous Concrete PipeInternal DesignatedDiameter, DMinimum WallThickness, TMinimum LayingLengthAMinimum SocketDepth, LsMinimum StrengthThree-Edge-BearingMinimumInfiltrationin. in. in. in. lbf/ft gal/minft8112 24 112 2600 810 158
40、24 158 2800 1012 2 24 2 3000 1215 214 24 214 3200 1518 212 24 212 3200 18ANormally the minimum laying length is 24 in. in length, but if the owner has no objections, then 18-in. length pipe up to 12 in. in diameter shall be acceptable.NOTE 1See Table 1 and Table 2 for values of D, T, and Ls.FIG. 1 J
41、oint DimensionsC654 153manufacturer will not be required to furnish equipment,facilities, nor personnel.11. Permissible Variations11.1 Size and DimensionsPipe shall be furnished in thesizes, internal diameters, and dimensions prescribed in Table 1,Table 2, and Table 3 and Fig. 1.11.2 Permissible var
42、iations from the dimensions describedin Table 1 and Table 2 shall not exceed those stated in Table 3.This is not to be construed, however, that heavier wallthickness pipe cannot be furnished at the option of themanufacturer. Pipe intended to be straight shall not havevariation in alignment of more t
43、han18 in./ft of length.12. Repairs12.1 Pipe repaired because of imperfections in manufactureor damage during handling will be acceptable, if in the opinionof the owner, the repaired pipe conforms to the requirements ofthis specification.13. Inspection13.1 The quality of all materials, in the process
44、 ofmanufacture, and the finished pipe shall be subject to theinspection and approval by the owner. Such inspection shall beperformed either at the point of manufacture or delivery.14. Rejection14.1 Pipe shall be subject to rejection on account of failureto conform to any of the specification require
45、ments. It is notprohibited for individual sections of pipe to be rejected becauseof any of the following:14.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing through the wall or joints,except that a single crack not exceeding 2 in. in length at eitherend of a pipe or a single fracture in the joints not exceeding 3in.
46、 in width nor more than 2 in. in length shall not beconsidered cause for rejection unless these defects exist inmore than 5 % of the entire shipment or delivery.14.1.2 The planes of the ends of the pipe are not perpen-dicular to the longitudinal axis, subject to the limits of variationas shown in Ta
47、ble 3.14.1.3 Defects that indicate mixing and molding not inaccordance with 9.1.14.1.4 Cracks sufficient to impair the strength, durability, orserviceability of the pipe.15. Marking15.1 The letters “ES” shall be legibly stamped with water-proof ink, or other permanent matter, on all extra-strengthpo
48、rous concrete pipe.16. Keywords16.1 concrete pipe; nonreinforced; porous; underdrainsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of th
49、e validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical
