1、Designation: C672/C672M 12Standard Test Method forScaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed toDeicing Chemicals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C672/C672M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance to scaling of a horizontal concrete surface ex
3、posed tofreezing-and-thawing cycles in the presence of deicing chemi-cals. It is intended for use in evaluating this surface resistancequalitatively by visual examination.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theinch-p
4、ound units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
5、 this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-CementConcreteC156 Test Method for Water Loss from a Mortar Speci-men
6、Through Liquid Membrane-Forming Curing Com-pounds for ConcreteC173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of FreshlyMixed Concrete by the Volumetric MethodC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the LaboratoryC231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Con-crete by the P
7、ressure MethodC233 Test Method for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-creteC511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in theTesting of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method can be used to evaluate the effect ofmix
8、ture proportioning, surface treatment, curing, or othervariables on resistance to scaling.3.2 This test method is not intended to be used in determin-ing the durability of aggregates or other ingredients of theconcrete.3.3 No relationship has been established between the frostimmunity of specimens c
9、ut from hardened concrete andspecimens prepared in the laboratory.4. Apparatus4.1 Freezing EquipmentA chest or room of sufficient sizeto hold the specimens and capable of lowering the temperatureof the specimens to 18 6 3C 0 6 5F within 16 to 18 h andmaintaining this temperature with a full load of
10、specimens.4.2 Molds, of the proper size for the test specimens to beused, and conforming to the requirements of Practice C192/C192M.4.3 Tamping Rod, conforming to the requirements of TestMethod C143/C143M.4.4 Small ToolsWood strike-off board, steel trowel, andmoderately stiff bristle brush suitable
11、for providing the desiredtexture of the test surface.4.5 Slump Cone, conforming to the requirements of TestMethod C143/C143M.4.6 Air Meter, conforming to the requirements of TestMethod C173/C173M or Test Method C231.4.7 Scales, conforming to the requirements of PracticeC192/C192M.4.8 Concrete Mixer,
12、 conforming to the requirements ofPractice C192/C192M.5. Proportioning and Mixing5.1 ProportioningThe air content, cement factor, slump,water-to-cement ratio, and other characteristics of the concreteand its ingredients shall be those appropriate for the purposesfor which the tests are to be made. C
13、oncrete with the followingcharacteristics has been found useful for the purposes for1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.67 on Resistance to the Environment.Current edition approved Ap
14、ril 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 1993 as C672/C672M93which was withdrawn 2011 and reinstated in April 2012. DOI: 10.1520/C0672_C0672M-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
15、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.which this test method is generally used, such
16、 as evaluation ofa surface treatment for prevention of scaling: (a) non-air-entrained; (b) cement content, 335 6 5 kg/m3565 6 10 lb/yd3; (c) slump, 75 6 15 mm 3 6 0.5 in.; and (d) durableaggregate (Note 1) of 25-mm 1-in. maximum size. If air-entrained concrete is to be used for comparative purposes,
17、 itshall have the same proportions as that with which it is beingcompared and the air content shall be 6 6 1%(Note 2).NOTE 1Care should be taken to use an aggregate which has a goodperformance record in freezing and thawing exposure.NOTE 2For additional information pertaining to air-entrained con-cr
18、ete proportions, see Test Method C233.5.2 Mixing and Testing of Freshly Mixed ConcreteMachine mix and test in conformance with the applicableprovisions of Practice C192/C192M.6. Specimens6.1 Specimens shall have a surface area of at least 0.045 m272 in.2 and be at least 75 mm 3.0 in. in depth. At le
19、ast twoduplicate specimens for each combination of variables to betested shall be made.6.2 Fabrication of Specimens:6.2.1 Coat the inside surface of the mold with a light coat ofmineral oil or a suitable nonreactive release material just priorto fabrication of the specimens.6.2.2 Fill the mold in on
20、e layer. Rod one time for each 1400mm22 in.2 of surface, leaving a slight excess of material afterthe final rodding. Tap the mold to close any voids and spadearound the periphery with a flat trowel. Level the surface withseveral passes of a wood strike-off board.6.2.3 After the concrete has stopped
21、bleeding, finish thesurface with three sawing-motion passes of a wood strike-offboard. Brush the surface with a medium-stiff brush as a finalfinishing operation unless another method of surface finishingsuch as steel-troweled surface, burlap drag, or a troweled-insurface treatment is to be evaluated
22、.6.2.4 After the finishing operation, place a dike about 25mm 1 in. wide and 20 mm 34 in. high along the perimeterof the top surface of the specimens. The dike may be made ofany material that will adhere to the specimen and serve tomaintain the brine pond on top of the specimen throughout theperiod
23、of the test. If the dike is of mortar, it shall be appliedimmediately after the final finishing operation, and the surfacewhere the mortar is to be applied shall be roughened to providea mechanical bond. If an epoxy mortar dike is to be formed ora proven satisfactory bonding material is used to bond
24、 the diketo the surface, the dike may be applied after the concrete hasset. Any pre-applied coating shall be removed from the bondarea prior to the application of the dike.6.2.5 Test specimens may also be slabs meeting the test arearequirements cut from hardened concrete in a structure. In thiscase,
25、 the specimens shall not be cut or damaged on the surfaceto be tested and should not be allowed to dry to a moisturecondition below that of the structure from which they havebeen taken. This may be accomplished by wrapping thespecimens in some waterproof material or by other suitablemeans.7. Curing7
26、.1 Except where the method of curing is an element ofstudy or is otherwise specified, cover the specimens with apolyethylene sheet immediately after finishing. The sheet shallnot be permitted to contact the concrete surface.7.2 Remove the specimens from the molds at an age of 20to 24 h after additio
27、n of water to the mix and place in moiststorage as provided for in Specification C511.7.3 If concretes with differing rates of strength gain are to becompared, maintain the specimens in moist storage until suchtime as the desired strength level has been obtained. When thedesired strength level has b
28、een reached, remove the specimensfrom moist storage and store in air for 14 days at 23.0 6 2.0C73.5 6 3.5F and 45 to 55 % relative humidity.7.4 For all other concretes, remove the specimens frommoist storage at the age of 14 days and store in air for 14 daysat 23.0 6 2.0C 73.5 6 3.5F and 45 to 55 %
29、relative humid-ity.8. Protective Coatings8.1 If protective coatings are to be evaluated, apply them inaccordance with the manufacturers recommendations regard-ing quantity and method of application at the age of 21 days.When a material proposed as dual-purpose curing compound/protective coating is b
30、eing evaluated, apply it at the propertime of application for curing compounds, as described in TestMethod C156.NOTE 3When evaluating penetration-type coatings for application topavement surfaces subject to traffic wear, it may be desirable to abrade thetreated surface of the test specimens by suffi
31、cient wire brushing to breakany films remaining on the surface after drying.9. Procedure9.1 After completion of moist and air curing, cover the flatsurface of the specimen with approximately 6 mm 14 in. ofa solution of calcium chloride and water, having a concentra-tion such that each 100 mL of solu
32、tion contains4gofanhydrous calcium chloride.NOTE 4Other chemical deicers and different concentrations may beused when there is a need to evaluate their specific effect. In addition, avariation in the procedure may be adopted whereby the deicer is addeddirectly to the ice produced by freezinga6mm14 i
33、n. layer of freshwater during the freezing portion of the cycle, discarding and flushing theresulting solution off the surface at the end of the thawing portion of thecycle and then repeating the cycle. If this procedure is adopted, it shouldbe recognized that about 100 cycles or more will be requir
34、ed to evaluatea surface treatment.9.2 Place specimens in a freezing environment for 16 to 18h. At the end of this time remove them from the freezer andplace them in laboratory air at 23 6 2.0C 73.5 6 3.5F anda relative humidity of 45 to 55 % for 6 to 8 h. Add waterbetween each cycle as necessary to
35、maintain the proper depthof solution. Repeat this cycle daily, flushing off the surfacethoroughly at the end of each 5 cycles. After making a visualexamination, replace the solution and continue the test.NOTE 5Generally, 50 cycles are sufficient to evaluate a surface orsurface treatment. However, wh
36、ere comparative tests are being made, it isrecommended that the tests be continued beyond the recommendedminimum number of cycles if differences have not developed.C672/C672M 1229.3 Either keep specimens frozen during any interruption inthe daily cycling or maintain them in a damp condition afterrem
37、oval of solution and flushing surfaces.10. Report10.1 Report the following:10.1.1 Cement content, water-cement ratio, the kind andamount of any admixture, slump, and air content of mix,10.1.2 Curing and drying if other than standard,10.1.3 Type of surface treatment, time of application, andrate of a
38、pplication,10.1.4 Type of deicer, whether solution or solid, concentra-tion of the solution if used, rate of application, and time ofapplication,10.1.5 Visual rating of the surface after 5, 10, 15, 25, andevery 25 cycles thereafter in accordance with the followingscale:Rating Condition of Surface0 n
39、o scaling1 very slight scaling (3 mm 18 in. depth, max, no coarseaggregate visible)2 slight to moderate scaling3 moderate scaling (some coarse aggregate visible)4 moderate to severe scaling5 severe scaling (coarse aggregate visible over entire surface)10.1.6 If the test specimens are cut from harden
40、ed concrete,the size, shape, orientation of the specimens in the structure,and any other pertinent information available shall be includedin the report, and10.1.7 Photographs or a word description of the surface, orboth, also should be included where possible.11. Precision and Bias11.1 In statistica
41、l analyses of data obtained by the use of thistest method, it is necessary to recognize that the ratings areranks, and as such, may not be appropriately subjected toanalyses based on the calculation of averages and standarddeviations nor to other techniques that assume continuousdistribution of meas
42、urement on at least an interval scale. Ifgroups of similar specimens are to be reported or comparedwith other groups, such nonparametric quantities as the medianand the range may be used.12. Keywords12.1 concrete-weathering tests; deicing chemicals; freezingand thawing; resistance-frost; resistance-
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