1、Designation: C675 91 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Method forAlkali Resistance of Ceramic Decorations on ReturnableBeverage Glass Containers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the alkaliresistance of ceramic labels (hereafte
3、r referred to as ACL(Applied Color Label) on returnable beverage bottles (here-after referred to as ware) to ensure the necessary durability ofthe label.Anumber of states require the cleaning and sanitizingof this ware by washing in hot alkali solutions. Acceleratedtests are needed to ensure that th
4、e ACL will withstand theanticipated number of washings and still present an acceptableware identification and appearance.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-p
5、riate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Summary of Method2.1 The time required for destruction ofACL on exposure toalkali solutions is roughly proportional to the label thickness.Athin coating of good alkali-resistant enamel will f
6、ail in arelatively short time, while an extremely heavy coating of apoor alkali-resistant enamel will look reasonably good. Aqualitative procedure is described. Any plant or laboratoryusing this procedure should establish its own standards.2.1.1 This test method is a qualitative method and deter-min
7、es the time required for 90 % destruction of any ACLexposed to an alkali solution by visual inspection. This testmethod requires a minimum of skill and experience by theoperator.3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method provides a means for determining thedurability of decorated returnable glass b
8、everage containerswhich may be a prerequisite in product specifications.4. Interferences4.1 Prepare fresh alkali solution for each set of ware and donot use the solution more than 24 h because of carbon dioxide(CO2) absorption and the inhibiting action of boron compoundsdissolved from the ACL.4.2 Do
9、 not use borosilicate glass containers for test solu-tions.5. Apparatus5.1 Tank, steel or stainless steel, equipped with a thermo-statically controlled means of heating, and a solution levelcontrol, to prevent variations in solution concentration andtemperature. The tank should be equipped with a co
10、arsescreenmesh shelf on which ware being tested is placed to avoidsludge build-up around the ware.5.2 Bottle Saw or Hot Wire CutterEither a hot wire or anabrasive wheel saw can be used to cut ware. If an abrasivewheel is used, the abrasive and glass sludge should be rinsedoff the ware to avoid exces
11、sive depletion of the alkali solution.6. Reagents6.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests.Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shallconform to the specifications of the Committee on AnalyticalReagents of the American Chemical Society,2where suchspecifications ar
12、e available. Other grades may be used, pro-vided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.6.2 Alkali SolutionPrepare the alkali solution by mixingthe following reagents:1This test method is under the j
13、urisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glassand Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.10 onGlass Decoration.Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published April 2011. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C675 91(2006). DOI:10.1520/C0675
14、-91R11.2Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Ph
15、armacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.weight%Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 9.1Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO412H2O) 0.9Tap water 90.07. Test S
16、pecimens7.1 The test ware should be representative of the lot or runand should have good application and fire. Tests should be runon ware with bottoms removed. The bottoms can be easilyremoved with a hot wire cutter or a water-cooled abrasivewheel cut-off saw. It is also convenient to simultaneously
17、 cut aring section for fit determination from the same ware. If anabrasive saw is used, the glass and abrasive sludge should berinsed from the ware before testing.8. Procedure8.1 After the alkali solution has reached an equilibriumtemperature of 88 6 1C, place the test ware in the solution (onthe sh
18、elf) and allow it to remain for 2 h. The level of the alkalisolution should be such that approximately the lower half ofthe label will be immersed in the solution and the upper half isnot attacked, and can be used for comparison. At the end of the2-h period, remove the test ware, rinse in warm water
19、, wipedry, and observe for decoration removal. After recordingobservations of attack, put the ware back in the solution foranother 2-h period. Remove the ware again, rinse, dry, andrecord observations. Repeat this procedure at 2-h intervals untilthe decoration is 90 % removed.8.2 The end point of th
20、is test for 90 % destruction is thepoint at which just enough label remains for bare identification.In the early part of the test it is difficult to be accurate in theamount removed. After approximately 50 % removal, it ismuch easier to make an accurate observation on percentdestruction, and the 90
21、% removal is a fairly accurate end pointfor the same observer or a different observer with a reasonableamount of training.8.3 The ACL must withstand at least three to four 2-h testperiods. This means that it must have a reasonable degree ofalkali resistance and be reasonably well applied and fired.W
22、here possible, some standard ACL should be included in thetest to check the equipment, solution, and operator running thetest. Record results as hours to 90 % destruction.9. Precision and Bias9.1 No justifiable statements can be made regarding theprecision and bias of this test method for determinin
23、g the alkaliresistance of ceramic decorations on glass since the test resultsare interpreted using a subjective grading system.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are
24、expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not re
25、vised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you
26、may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United S
27、tates. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C675 91 (2011)2
