1、Designation: C 71 08Standard Terminology Relating toRefractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 71; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates
2、 the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related torefractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture,finished products, applications, and testing procedures.
3、1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology arequoted or published out of context, editorially insert thelimiting phrase “in refractories” after the dash following theterm to properly limit the field of application of the term anddefinition.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C24 Test
4、 Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) ofFireclay and High Alumina Refractory MaterialsC 181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay andHigh-Alumina Plastic RefractoriesC 401 Classification of Alumina and Alumina-SilicateCastable RefractoriesC 416 Classification of Silica Refractory Bric
5、kC 456 Test Method for Hydration Resistance of BasicBricks and ShapesC 492 Test Method for Hydration of Granular Dead-BurnedRefractory DolomiteC 860 Practice for Determining the Consistency of Refrac-tory Castable Using the Ball-In-Hand TestC 909 Practice for Dimensions of a Modular Series ofRefract
6、ory Brick and Shapes3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology ensures that terms peculiar to refrac-tories are adequately defined so that other standards in whichsuch terms are used can be understood and interpreted prop-erly.3.2 This terminology is useful to those who are not conver-sant with the
7、 terms related to refractories. However, it is also aready reference for those directly associated with refractoriesto resolve differences and ensure commonality of usage,particularly in the preparation of ASTM standards.3.3 Although this terminology is intended to promote uni-formity in the usage o
8、f terms related to refractories, it cannever be complete because new terms are constantly arising.The existence of this terminology does not preclude the use ormisuse of any term in another context.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:abrasion of refractories, nwearing away of refractorysurfaces by the sco
9、uring action of moving solids.acid refractories, n see refractories, acid.alumina-chromia brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of a high-alumina raw material and chromic oxide(Cr2O3), with the alumina (Al2O3) content being 50 % orgreate
10、r by weight and with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) predomi-nating by weight among the other constituent oxides.angle of repose, nthe acute angle measured from thehorizontal to the slope of a cone-shaped pile of free-flowingmaterial.anthracite-coal-base carbon refractory, nsee carbon refrac-tory, anthracite-
11、coal-base.basic refractories, n see refractories, basic.bat, vto reject or discard a brick or shape.binder, na substance added to a granular material to give itworkability and green or dry strength.bloating of refractories, vsubstantial swelling produced bya heat treatment that causes the formation
12、of a vesicularstructure.bond fireclay, nsee fireclay, plastic or bond.burn, vthe heat treatment to which refractory materials aresubjected in the firing process.burning (firing) of refractories, vthe final heat treatment ina kiln to which refractory brick and shapes are subjected inthe process of ma
13、nufacture for the purpose of developingbond and other necessary physical and chemical properties.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.92 The Joseph E.Kopanda Subcommittee for Editorial, Terminology and C
14、lassificationCurrent edition approved April 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originallyapproved in 1927. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C 71 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStan
15、dards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.calcine, calcines, nrefractory material, often fireclay, thathas been heated to eliminate volat
16、ile constituents and toproduce desired physical changes.calcined refractory dolomite, nsee dolomite, calcined re-fractory.calcining of refractory materials, vthe heat treatment towhich raw refractory materials are subjected, preparatory tofurther processing or use, for the purpose of eliminatingvola
17、tile chemically combined constituents and producingvolume changes.carbon-ceramic refractory, na manufactured refractorycomprised of carbon (including graphite) and one or moreceramic materials such as fireclay and silicon carbide.carbon refractory, na manufactured refractory comprisedsubstantially o
18、r entirely of carbon (including graphite).carbon refractory, anthracite-coal base, n a manufacturedrefractory comprised substantially of calcined anthracitecoal.carbon refractory, graphite-base, na manufactured refrac-tory comprised substantially of graphite.carbon refractory, metallurgical-coke-bas
19、e, n a manufac-tured refractory comprised substantially of metallurgicalcoke.carbon refractory, petroleum-coke-base, na manufacturedrefractory comprised substantially of calcined petroleumcoke.castable, na combination of refractory grain and a suitableamount of bonding agent that, after the addition
20、 of a properliquid, is generally poured into place to form a refractoryshape or structure which becomes rigid because of chemicalaction (see Classification C 401).2chemically bonded brick, nsee unburned brick.chrome brick, na refractory brick, which may be burned orunburned, manufactured predominant
21、ly or entirely ofrefractory-grade chrome ore, and having a Cr2O3content of30 % or greater (see also chromic oxide brick).chrome-magnesia brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of refractory-grade chrome ore and refractory-grademagnesia in
22、 which the refractory-grade chrome ore predomi-nates by weight; the refractory-grade magnesia may be eitherseawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia,or a combination of these materials.chrome ore, refractory-grade, na refractory ore consistingessentially of chrome-bearing spinel with
23、only minoramounts of accessory minerals and having physical andchemical properties suitable for making refractory products.chromia-alumina brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and a high-alumina rawmaterial, wit
24、h the chromic oxide content being 50 % orgreater by weight and with alumina (Al2O3) predominatingby weight among the other constituent oxides.chromic oxide brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of chro-mic oxide (Cr2O3) and having a Cr2O3content of 90
25、 % orgreater by weight (may also be called chromia brick).concrete, refractory, na hardened castable.consistency, nthe degree of mobility of a refractory castableas determined by Practices C 860.corrosion of refractories, ndestruction of refractory sur-faces by the chemical action of external agenci
26、es.dead-burned, adjthe state of a basic refractory materialresulting from a heat treatment that yields a product resistantto atmospheric hydration or recombination with carbondioxide.dead-burned magnesite, n see magnesite, dead-burned.dead-burned refractory dolomite, nsee dolomite, dead-burned refra
27、ctory.diaspore clay, na rock consisting essentially of diasporebonded by fireclay.direct bonded basic brick, na fired refractory in which thegrains are joined predominantly by a solid state diffusionmechanism.DISCUSSIONThe term “direct bond” was initially applied to firedmagnesia-chrome refractories
28、.doloma-carbon refractory, na refractory brick manufac-tured predominantly from a mixture of refractory-gradedoloma and 2 to 20 % by weight carbonaceous materials,with resin, tar, pitch or a combination of these materials asthe bonding agent; the refractory-grade doloma may beeither dead-burned dolo
29、mite, synthetic doloma, fused do-loma or combinations of these materials, and the carbon-aceous material may be either graphite, carbon black, or acombination of these materials.doloma, fused, nrefractory-grade material consisting pre-dominantly of lime and magnesia which has solidified froma fused
30、or molten state.doloma-magnesia refractory, na refractory, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of refractory-grade doloma and refractory-grade mag-nesia in which the refractory-grade doloma predominates byweight.doloma refractory, na refractory manufactured predo
31、mi-nantly of dead-burned dolomite, synthetic doloma, fuseddoloma or combinations of these materials.doloma, refractory-grade, na dead-burned or fused refrac-tory material consisting predominately of lime and magne-sia; the three principal types are dolomite, dead-burned;doloma, synthetic; and doloma
32、, fused.doloma, synthetic, na refractory-grade doloma which hasbeen derived from blending magnesia and lime or dolomiteand dead-burning to form a dense, hydration-resistant mate-rial; and having a MgO content of 30 % to 80 % by weightand maximum CaO content of 70 % by weight.dolomite, na carbonate r
33、ock consisting predominantly ofmagnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and calcium carbonate(CaCO3) in approximately an equal molecular ratio.dolomite, dead-burned, na refractory grade doloma whichis obtained by burning dolomite above 1450C long enoughto form a dense hydration-resistant material composedprimari
34、ly of lime and magnesia.C71082erosion of refractories, nwearing away of refractory sur-faces by the washing action of moving liquids.firebrick, nany type of refractory brick specifically fireclaybrick.firebrick, insulating, na refractory brick characterized bylow thermal conductivity and low heat ca
35、pacity.fireclay, nan earthy or stony mineral aggregate that has asthe essential constituent hydrous silicates of aluminum withor without free silica, plastic when sufficiently pulverizedand wetted, rigid when subsequently dried, and of suitablerefractoriness for use in commercial refractory products
36、.fireclay, nodular, na rock containing aluminous or ferrugi-nous nodules, or both, bonded by fireclay.DISCUSSIONIn some districts such clays are called “burley” or“burley flint” clay.fireclay, plastic or bond, na fireclay of sufficient naturalplasticity to bond nonplastic materials.fireclay plastic
37、refractory, na fireclay material temperedwith water and suitable for ramming into place to form amonolithic furnace lining that will attain satisfactory physi-cal properties when subjected to the heat of furnace opera-tion.flint fireclay, na hard or flint-like fireclay occurring as anunstratified ma
38、ssive rock, practically devoid of naturalplasticity and showing a conchoidal fracture.fused grain refractory, na refractory made predominantlyfrom grain that has solidified from a fused or moltencondition.fused or fusion cast refractory, na solidified material madeby melting refractory ingredients a
39、nd pouring it into molds(see also molten cast refractory).fused silica refractory, na product composed predomi-nantly of fused, noncrystalline silica.grain magnesite, nsee magnesite, grain.graphite-base carbon refractory, nsee carbon refractory,graphite-base.grog, na granular material produced from
40、calcined or burnedrefractories, usually alumina-silica.grog fireclay mortar, nraw fireclay mixed with calcinedfireclay, or with broken fireclay brick, or both, all ground tosuitable fineness.ground fireclay, nfireclay or a mixture of fireclays that havebeen subjected to no treatment other than grind
41、ing orweathering, or both.ground fireclay mortar, na refractory mortar consisting offinely ground raw fireclay.ground refractory material, double-screened, na refrac-tory material that contains its original gradation of particlesizes resulting from crushing, grinding, or both, and fromwhich particle
42、s coarser and finer than two specified sizeshave been removed by screening.ground refractory material, single-screened, na refractorymaterial that contains its original gradation of particle sizesresulting from crushing, grinding, or both, and from whichparticles coarser than a specified size have b
43、een removed byscreening.gunning, van application technique that uses a pneumaticmeans to transport a refractory material and place it onto acold or hot surface.gunning materials, refractory, nmixtures of refractoryaggregate and bond(s) specially prepared for gunning.hydration resistance, nthe degree
44、 to which a refractorymaterial resists chemical combination with water. Thisresistance is measured by either Test Method C 456 or TestMethod C 492, whichever is applicable.2insulating firebrick, n see firebrick, insulating.ladle brick, nbrick suitable for lining ladles used to containmolten metal.ma
45、gnesia brick, na refractory brick, which may be burnedor unburned, manufactured predominantly or entirely ofeither seawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fusedmagnesia, or combinations of these materials.magnesia-carbon brick, na refractory brick manufacturedpredominantly of a mixture of refracto
46、ry-grade magnesiaand 5 to 30 % by weight carbonaceous material, with resin,tar, pitch, or a combination of these materials as the bondingagent; the refractory-grade magnesia may be either sea-watermagnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia, or acombination of these materials; and the carbonaceo
47、us mate-rial may be either flake or vein graphite, carbon black, orpetroleum or metallurgical coke, or a combination of thesematerials.magnesia-chrome brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of refractory-grade magnesia and refractory-grad
48、echrome ore in which the refractory-grade magnesia predomi-nates by weight; the refractory-grade magnesia may be eitherseawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia,or a combination of these materials.magnesia-doloma refractory, na refractory, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured
49、predominantly of a mix-ture of refractory-grade magnesia and refractory-grade do-loma in which the refractory-grade magnesia predominatesby weight.magnesia, fused, na refractory material consisting predomi-nantly of crystalline magnesium oxide which has solidifiedfrom a fused or molten state.magnesia, refractory, na dead-burned refractory materialconsisting predominantly of crystalline magnesium oxide.magnesia, refractory-grade, na dead-burned or fused re-fractory material consisting predominantly of crystal
