1、Designation: C71 12 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Terminology Relating toRefractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C71; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related torefractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture,finished products, applications, and test
3、ing procedures.1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology arequoted or published out of context, editorially insert thelimiting phrase “in refractories” after the dash following theterm to properly limit the field of application of the term anddefinition.1.3 This international standard was
4、developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced
5、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C24 Test Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) ofFireclay and High-Alumina Refractory MaterialsC181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay andHigh-Alumina Refractory PlasticsC401 Classification of Alumina and Alumina-SilicateCastable RefractoriesC416 Classi
6、fication of Silica Refractory BrickC456 Test Method for Hydration Resistance of Basic Bricksand ShapesC492 Test Method for Hydration of Granular Dead-BurnedRefractory DolomiteC860 Test Method for Determining the Consistency ofRefractory Castable Using the Ball-In-Hand TestC909 Practice for Dimension
7、s of a Modular Series of Re-fractory Brick and Shapes3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology ensures that terms peculiar to refrac-tories are adequately defined so that other standards in whichsuch terms are used can be understood and interpreted prop-erly.3.2 This terminology is useful to those
8、 who are not conver-sant with the terms related to refractories. However, it is also aready reference for those directly associated with refractoriesto resolve differences and ensure commonality of usage,particularly in the preparation of ASTM standards.3.3 Although this terminology is intended to p
9、romote uni-formity in the usage of terms related to refractories, it cannever be complete because new terms are constantly arising.The existence of this terminology does not preclude the use ormisuse of any term in another context.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:abrasion of refractories, nwearing away
10、 of refractorysurfaces by the scouring action of moving solids.acid refractories, nsee refractories, acid.alumina-chromia brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of a high-alumina raw material and chromic oxide(Cr2O3), with the alumina (Al
11、2O3) content being 50 % orgreater by weight and with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) predomi-nating by weight among the other constituent oxides.angle of repose, nthe acute angle measured from thehorizontal to the slope of a cone-shaped pile of free-flowingmaterial.anthracite-coal-base carbon refractory, nsee
12、 carbonrefractory, anthracite-coal-base.basic refractories, nsee refractories, basic.bat, vto reject or discard a brick or shape.binder, na substance added to a granular material to give itworkability and green or dry strength.bloating of refractories, vsubstantial swelling produced bya heat treatme
13、nt that causes the formation of a vesicularstructure.bond fireclay, nsee fireclay, plastic or bond.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.92 The Joseph E.Kopanda Subcommittee for Editorial, Terminology, an
14、d Classification.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originallyapproved in 1927. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C71 12. DOI:10.1520/C0071-12R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.o
15、rg. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with inter
16、nationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1burn, vthe heat treatment to which refractory ma
17、terials aresubjected in the firing process.burning (firing) of refractories, vthe final heat treatment ina kiln to which refractory brick and shapes are subjected inthe process of manufacture for the purpose of developingbond and other necessary physical and chemical properties.calcine, calcines, nr
18、efractory material, often fireclay, thathas been heated to eliminate volatile constituents and toproduce desired physical changes.calcined refractory dolomite, nsee dolomite, calcinedrefractory.calcining of refractory materials, vthe heat treatment towhich raw refractory materials are subjected, pre
19、paratory tofurther processing or use, for the purpose of eliminatingvolatile chemically combined constituents and producingvolume changes.carbon-ceramic refractory, na manufactured refractorycomprised of carbon (including graphite) and one or moreceramic materials such as fireclay and silicon carbid
20、e.carbon refractory, na manufactured refractory comprisedsubstantially or entirely of carbon (including graphite).carbon refractory, anthracite-coal base, na manufacturedrefractory comprised substantially of calcined anthracitecoal.carbon refractory, graphite-base, na manufactured refrac-tory compri
21、sed substantially of graphite.carbon refractory, metallurgical-coke-base, na manufac-tured refractory comprised substantially of metallurgicalcoke.carbon refractory, petroleum-coke-base, na manufacturedrefractory comprised substantially of calcined petroleumcoke.castable, na combination of refractor
22、y grain and a suitableamount of bonding agent that, after the addition of a properliquid, is generally poured into place to form a refractoryshape or structure which becomes rigid because of chemicalaction (see Classification C401).2castable, adjcapable of being formed into a shape orstructure (typi
23、cally by pouring after the addition of a suitableliquid) and then becoming rigid because of chemical reac-tion.chemically bonded brick, nsee unburned brick.chrome brick, na refractory brick, which may be burned orunburned, manufactured predominantly or entirely ofrefractory-grade chrome ore, and hav
24、ing a Cr2O3content of30 % or greater (see also chromic oxide brick).chrome-magnesia brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of refractory-grade chrome ore and refractory-grademagnesia in which the refractory-grade chrome ore predomi-nates
25、by weight; the refractory-grade magnesia may be eitherseawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia,or a combination of these materials.chrome ore, refractory-grade, na refractory ore consistingessentially of chrome-bearing spinel with only minoramounts of accessory minerals and having ph
26、ysical andchemical properties suitable for making refractory products.chromia-alumina brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and a high-alumina rawmaterial, with the chromic oxide content being 50 % orgreater by w
27、eight and with alumina (Al2O3) predominatingby weight among the other constituent oxides.chromic oxide brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of chro-mic oxide (Cr2O3) and having a Cr2O3content of 90 % orgreater by weight (may also be called chromia br
28、ick).concrete, refractory, na hardened castable.consistency, nthe degree of mobility of a refractory castableas determined by Test Method C860.corrosion of refractories, ndestruction of refractory sur-faces by the chemical action of external agencies.dead-burned, adjthe state of a basic refractory m
29、aterialresulting from a heat treatment that yields a product resistantto atmospheric hydration or recombination with carbondioxide.dead-burned magnesite, nsee magnesite, dead-burned.dead-burned refractory dolomite, nsee dolomite, dead-burned refractory.diaspore clay, na rock consisting essentially o
30、f diasporebonded by fireclay.direct-bonded basic brick, na fired refractory in which thegrains are joined predominantly by a solid state diffusionmechanism.DISCUSSIONThe term “direct bond” was initially applied to firedmagnesia-chrome refractories.doloma-carbon refractory, na refractory brick manufa
31、c-tured predominantly from a mixture of refractory-gradedoloma and 2 to 20 % by weight carbonaceous materials,with resin, tar, pitch, or a combination of these materials asthe bonding agent; the refractory-grade doloma may beeither dead-burned dolomite, synthetic doloma, fuseddoloma, or combinations
32、 of these materials, and the carbo-naceous material may be either graphite, carbon black, or acombination of these materials.doloma, fused, nrefractory-grade material consisting pre-dominantly of lime and magnesia which has solidified froma fused or molten state.doloma-magnesia refractory, na refrac
33、tory, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of refractory-grade doloma and refractory-grade mag-nesia in which the refractory-grade doloma predominates byweight.C71 12 (2018)2doloma refractory, na refractory manufactured predomi-nantly of dead-burned dolomite, synt
34、hetic doloma, fuseddoloma, or combinations of these materials.doloma, refractory-grade, na dead-burned or fused refrac-tory material consisting predominately of lime and magne-sia; the three principal types are dolomite, dead-burned;doloma, synthetic; and doloma, fused.doloma, synthetic, na refracto
35、ry-grade doloma which hasbeen derived from blending magnesia and lime or dolomiteand dead-burning to form a dense, hydration-resistant mate-rial; and having a MgO content of 30 % to 80 % by weightand maximum CaO content of 70 % by weight.dolomite, na carbonate rock consisting predominantly ofmagnesi
36、um carbonate (MgCO3) and calcium carbonate(CaCO3) in approximately an equal molecular ratio.dolomite, dead-burned, na refractory-grade doloma whichis obtained by burning dolomite above 1450 C long enoughto form a dense hydration-resistant material composedprimarily of lime and magnesia.erosion of re
37、fractories, nwearing away of refractory sur-faces by the washing action of moving liquids.firebrick, nany type of refractory brick specifically fireclaybrick.firebrick, insulating, na refractory brick characterized bylow thermal conductivity and low heat capacity.fireclay, nan earthy or stony minera
38、l aggregate that has as theessential constituent hydrous silicates of aluminum with orwithout free silica, plastic when sufficiently pulverized andwetted, rigid when subsequently dried, and of suitablerefractoriness for use in commercial refractory products.fireclay, nodular, na rock containing alum
39、inous or ferrugi-nous nodules, or both, bonded by fireclay.DISCUSSIONIn some districts, such clays are called “burley” or“burley flint” clay.fireclay, plastic or bond, na fireclay of sufficient naturalplasticity to bond nonplastic materials.fireclay plastic refractory, na fireclay material temperedw
40、ith water and suitable for ramming into place to form amonolithic furnace lining that will attain satisfactory physi-cal properties when subjected to the heat of furnace opera-tion.flint fireclay, na hard or flint-like fireclay occurring as anunstratified massive rock, practically devoid of naturalp
41、lasticity and showing a conchoidal fracture.fused grain refractory, na refractory made predominantlyfrom grain that has solidified from a fused or moltencondition.fused or fusion cast refractory, na solidified material madeby melting refractory ingredients and pouring it into molds(see also molten c
42、ast refractory).fused silica refractory, na product composed predominantlyof fused, noncrystalline silica.grain magnesite, nsee magnesite, grain.graphite-base carbon refractory, nsee carbon refractory,graphite-base.grog, na granular material produced from calcined or burnedrefractories, usually alum
43、ina-silica.grog fireclay mortar, nraw fireclay mixed with calcinedfireclay, or with broken fireclay brick, or both, all ground tosuitable fineness.ground fireclay, nfireclay or a mixture of fireclays that havebeen subjected to no treatment other than grinding orweathering, or both.ground fireclay mo
44、rtar, na refractory mortar consisting offinely ground raw fireclay.ground refractory material, double-screened, na refrac-tory material that contains its original gradation of particlesizes resulting from crushing, grinding, or both, and fromwhich particles coarser and finer than two specified sizes
45、have been removed by screening.ground refractory material, single-screened, na refractorymaterial that contains its original gradation of particle sizesresulting from crushing, grinding, or both, and from whichparticles coarser than a specified size have been removed byscreening.gunning, van applica
46、tion technique that uses a pneumaticmeans to transport a refractory material and place it onto acold or hot surface.gunning materials, refractory, nmixtures of refractoryaggregate and bond(s) specially prepared for gunning.hydration resistance, nthe degree to which a refractorymaterial resists chemi
47、cal combination with water. Thisresistance is measured by either Test Method C456 or TestMethod C492, whichever is applicable.2insulating firebrick, nsee firebrick, insulating.ladle brick, nbrick suitable for lining ladles used to containmolten metal.magnesia brick, na refractory brick, which may be
48、 burnedor unburned, manufactured predominantly or entirely ofeither seawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fusedmagnesia, or combinations of these materials.magnesia-carbon brick, na refractory brick manufacturedpredominantly of a mixture of refractory-grade magnesiaand 5 to 30 % by weight carbon
49、aceous material, with resin,tar, pitch, or a combination of these materials as the bondingagent; the refractory-grade magnesia may be either sea-watermagnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia, or acombination of these materials; and the carbonaceous mate-rial may be either flake or vein graphite, carbon black, orpetroleum or metallurgical coke, or a combination of thesematerials.C71 12 (2018)3magnesia-chrome brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mi
