1、Designation: C 868 02 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forChemical Resistance of Protective Linings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating thechemical resistance of a polymer-based protective lining inimmersion se
3、rvice. The method closely approximates theservice conditions, including the temperature differential be-tween the external and internal surfaces of the equipment,which may accelerate permeation of the lining by a corrosivemedia.1.2 This test may be used to simulate actual field useconditions insofar
4、 as a qualitative evaluation of the liningsystem after a predetermined period of exposure.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered stan
5、dard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referen
6、ced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA 285/A 285M Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates,Carbon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-Tensile StrengthC 267 Test Methods for Chemical Resistance of Mortars,Grouts, and Monolithic Surfacings and Polymer Concretes
7、D 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering ofPaintsD 785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics andElectrical Insulating MaterialsD 1474 Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of OrganicCoatingsD 2583 Test Method for Indentation
8、Hardness of RigidPlastics by Means of a Barcol ImpressorD 3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil TestD 4417 Test Methods for Field Measurement of SurfaceProfile of Blast Cleaned SteelD 4541 Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of CoatingsUsing Portable Adhesion TestersD 5162 Practice for Disconti
9、nuity (Holiday) Testing ofNonconductive Protective Coating on Metallic Substrates2.2 NACE Standard:NACE No. 1/SSPC-SP-5 White Metal Blast Cleaning33. Significance and Use3.1 The results obtained by this test method should serve asa guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a liningmateri
10、al for particular application. Simple chemical-resistanceevaluations of the lining materials may be performed moreconveniently by other pertinent methods as a prescreening testfor this procedure in accordance with Test Methods C 267 andD 471.4. Apparatus4.1 Four-Neck Cylindrical, Borosilicate-Type G
11、lass TestCell4, similar to the unit shown in Fig. 1.4.1.1 Where an additional inlet is needed for a thermocoupleor thermistor to control temperature, a five-neck cell should beused.NOTE 1If test solutions that are known to attack glass such as HF orcaustic, a fluorocarbon or other suitable cell shou
12、ld be used.4.2 Heating Equipment:4.2.1 The corrosive media may be heated by an electrical-resistant coil fitting inside the test cell. This is protected by aglass immersion tube. The heater shall be controlled throughthe use of a rheostat or thermostat to produce the desiredtemperature 64F (2C).1Thi
13、s test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C03 onChemical-Resistant Nonmetallic Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee C03.03 on Thermoplastics, Thermosets and Elastomers.Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1977. Last pr
14、evious edition approved in 2002 as C 868 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from S
15、ociety for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 40 24th St., 6th Floor,Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656, http:/www.sspc.org.4The sole source of supply of the four-neck cylindrical, borosilicate-type glasstest cell known to the committee at this time is DelVal Glass Inc., 1135 E. 7th St.,Wilmington, DE. If you are a
16、ware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
17、ken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2.2 An electrical heating tape may be wrapped around theexterior of the test cell but not around the test panels and maynot touch the test panels.4.3 Reflux Water Condenser, to maintain a constant leveland concentration of the test solution.4.4 Gaskets, of a chemi
18、cally resistant material, capable ofwithstanding the chemical environment. The gaskets shall alsoprovide a tight seal between the test cell and test specimen.Gaskets having a Shore “A” Durometer of 60 are generallyadequate. The gasket material shall be selected so that it doesnot contaminate the tes
19、t solution.4.5 Air or Gas BubblerIt may be necessary to include anair or gas bubbler to agitate or aerate the solution. Whereaeration is not required, a magnetic stirrer may be used tocreate agitation.4.5.1 At solution temperatures below boiling, agitation isrequired to maintain temperature uniformi
20、ty. Where the servicesolution is considered to be aerated, air should be bubbled intothe solution. In cases where the solution will be air or oxygendepleted, nitrogen or other suitable inert gas should be used foragitation.4.5.2 Insert a bubbler for air or other gas through the utilityopening in the
21、 test cell. The bubbler shall consist of a piece offluorocarbon or glass tubing18 in. (3 mm) in inside diameter,attached to the ground-glass fitting in the utility opening, andextending almost to the bottom of the test cell.4.6 Thermometer or Thermocouple, to fit the prescribedthermowell, capable of
22、 registering the temperature specifiedfor the test.4.7 Mounting Equipment (Alternatives):4.7.1 Mount the test panels on the test cell with a minimumof three carbon steel bolts,14 or38 in. (6 or 9 mm) in diameter,using wing nuts for easy removal.4.7.2 “C” clamp fixtures or stainless steel band clamps
23、 orother suitable means can be used to mount the test panels to thetest cell.4.7.3 Use clamping pressures sufficient to seal the opening,but not so great as to destroy the test cell or test panel ordamage the test lining.4.8 Cell Test Area:4.8.1 The cells should be maintained in an open, wellventila
24、ted area with temperature controlled to 73 6 4F (23 62C).4.8.2 The preferred method to ensure the free movement ofair past the surfaces is to utilize grills or grating to support thecells with several inches of clearance beneath the grating toallow air flow past the plate surfaces. If this type of s
25、upport isemployed, cells should be at least 6 in. (152 mm) away fromone another or any heat source.4.8.3 If open grating support is not used, cells should be atleast 12 in. (305 mm) from one another or from any potentialsource of heat. They should be placed on an open shelf orFIG. 1 Four-Neck Cylind
26、rical, Borosilicate-Type Glass Test Cell and AccessoriesC 868 02 (2008)2bench top in such a way that free convective cooling of theunlined side of the test panels may occur.5. Test Specimens5.1 Substrate:5.1.1 Panels shall be commercial quality, unused, hot-rolledcarbon steel (Specifications A 36/A
27、36M or A 285/A 285M)14by 8 by 8 in. (6 by 200 by 200 mm).NOTE 2With appropriate modification and procedures, this methodcan be used to evaluate linings on other metallic substrates such asstainless steel or other alloys, copper, aluminum, etc., and to evaluatelinings on concrete, fiber reinforced pl
28、astic (FRP), or other substrates.5.2 Prepare one side of the panels according to the surfaceconditions of NACE No. 1 SSPC-SP-5. The profile depth of thecleaned steel shall be as recommended by the lining manufac-turer. The average profile depth shall be measured by TestMethods D 4417.5.3 Apply the l
29、ining to the test panels as prescribed by themanufacturer and in a manner as closely simulating fieldapplication as possible. For example, if the lining is to be sprayapplied in the field, the lining for the test panels should bespray applied also. Lining thickness should be within 10 % ofthe nomina
30、l thickness specified.5.3.1 The opposite (unprepared) side should be left unlined.A very thin (1 to 3 mils, 25 to 76 m) coating may be appliedto the unprepared side, if necessary, to prevent rusting.5.3.2 Wherever possible, duplicate test panels should be runto determine reproducibility of results.5
31、.4 Conditioning of Test PanelsCondition test panels for aperiod of 7 days at 73 6 4F (23 6 2C). Additionalconditioning of test panels, including longer cure times orelevated cure temperatures, may be conducted if specified bythe lining manufacturer.5.5 Specimen Measurements:5.5.1 Check the thickness
32、 of the lining material by using anappropriate dry-film thickness gage.5.5.2 Check the discontinuities in the lining material ofone-side exposure test panels by using Practice D 5162.Consult the lining manufacturer for the recommended voltageto be used. Low voltage detectors are not recommended unle
33、ssspecifically recommended by the lining manufacturer.5.5.2.1 High-voltage holiday detection should not be usedon linings that have been exposed. The test could be destructiveand may not be meaningful since the dielectric strength of thelining material may be changed by the exposure.5.5.2.2 If disco
34、ntinuities are found, either repair the liningor replace the test panel(s).NOTE 3Certain linings are conductive and cannot be tested in thismanner.5.5.3 Visually inspect the lining surface of all panels beforethe test exposure is begun to determine the color, clarity,surface gloss, and surface textu
35、re; also, any gross imperfec-tions such as voids, cracks, runs, or sags.5.5.4 Determine the hardness of the lining by a suitablestandard hardness test such as Test Methods D 785, D 1474,D 2583, and D 3363 in an area of the panel that will not beexposed to the test solution. Hardness determinations m
36、ay beinvalid for some aggregate-filled systems.6. Test Solution6.1 The test media shall simulate the anticipated serviceenvironment when testing lining materials for a specificapplication.6.1.1 The concentration(s) of the chemical(s) shall be speci-fied. Unless otherwise stated, all dilutions shall
37、be made withdistilled, demineralized or deionized water.6.1.2 If no concentration is specified, it is understood thatthe chemical is used in its undiluted form.6.2 Analysis of the test solution may be performed when thefollowing conditions occur:6.2.1 Loss of media or buildup of contaminants.6.2.2 A
38、ny change of the test solution.7. Procedure7.1 Following the conditioning period, clamp the test panelsin place at the ends of the test cell with the lining materialpositioned against the cell interior. Use a suitable gasketmaterial between the lining and cell faces described in 4.4 toensure against
39、 leakage of the test solution.7.2 The assembled test cell may be filled with tap water andheld approximately1htocheck for complete sealing of theapparatus.7.3 Fill the test cell23 to34 of its total height with the testsolution and commence heating, if required. Mark the outer,unexposed panel area, i
40、ndicating the test solution level forvisual control of the test solution level.7.4 Disassemble the test cell at one month or other intervalsfor inspection. When the apparatus is reassembled, recharge itwith fresh test media. Recharging of the test media may benecessary at more frequent intervals, if
41、 required due to thenature of the media, for instance, NaOCl (see Section 6).7.4.1 When test panels are disassembled from the test cell,rinse the panels with distilled water and wipe dry. No otherconditioning is required.7.5 Interim Evaluation:7.5.1 Make the visual inspection and record the results
42、forthe following:7.5.1.1 ColorState any changes noted in the color of thelining.7.5.1.2 Surface GlossReport any dulling of the liningsurface.7.5.1.3 Surface TextureNote signs of chemical or physicalerosion.7.5.1.4 BlistersInspect the surface for blisters by visualand audible methods such as lightly
43、tapping or applying astraight edge to the surface of the panel. Describe the size,quantity, and location of blisters. Use Test Method D 714where possible.7.5.1.5 Changes in the test solution.7.6 Final Evaluation:7.6.1 After the sixth month of exposure or upon failure,repeat the procedures described
44、in Section 7.5 and conduct thefollowing additional tests:7.6.1.1 Determine the hardness of the lining as described in5.5.4 on portions of the panel exposed to: (1) liquid solution,(2) vapor phase, (3) liquid-vapor interface, and (4) unexposedarea.C 868 02 (2008)37.6.1.2 Make an appraisal of the adhe
45、sion of the lining tothe substrate. Depending on the type of lining, this appraisalmay be made using different methods such as strip peeling,elcometer test (Test Method D 4541) or prying with a knife orsimilar equipment. Not all of these methods will provide aspecific value. During this destructive
46、evaluation, the locationof blisters should be determined. The blisters may be at thesurface of the substrate, between layers within the liningsystem, or within one layer of the lining system.7.6.1.3 High-voltage holiday detection should not be usedon linings that have been exposed. The test could be
47、 destructiveand may not be meaningful since the dielectric strength of thelining material may be changed by the exposure.8. Report8.1 The report shall include the following informationconcerning the lining system and test conditions:8.1.1 Manufacturers name, product designation, and ge-neric type;8.
48、1.2 Type of test substrate;8.1.3 Method of panel preparation, including the depth ofprofile and all steps and application procedures used in theapplication of the lining. The initial thickness of the lining shallbe measured and recorded;8.1.4 Conditioning procedure;8.1.5 Hardness, visual observation
49、s, and note any repairs orany discontinuities. The test method used to determine thehardness shall be noted;8.1.6 Description of lining appearance prior to testing; and8.1.7 Test conditions including test media, temperature,time of exposure, length of intervals between exposures, andfrequency of recharging test solutions.8.2 The results of each interim inspection shall comprise adescription of the appearance of the test panel at each inspec-tion, noting any changes in the surface texture, evidence ofcracking, blistering, or delamination. Changes in media a
