1、Designation: C 896 04Standard Terminology Relating toClay Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 896; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2C 301 Test Methods for Vitrified Clay PipeC 700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength,Standard Strength, and Perfor
3、ated2. Terminologyapproving authoritythe individual official, board, depart-ment, or agency established and authorized by a state,county, city, or other political subdivision, created by law toadminister and enforce specified requirements.backfillall the material used to fill the trench from bedding
4、to finished surface.backfill, finalmaterial used to fill the trench from initialbackfill to finished surface.backfill, initialmaterial used to fill the trench from top ofbedding to a designated height over the pipe.backfill, unconsolidatednon-compacted material in place inthe trench.barrelthe cylind
5、rical portion of a vitrified clay pipe exclu-sive of branches, spurs, joints, and handling rings or lugs.bearing strengththe non-destructive limit of pipe load, asdetermined by 3-edge bearing test method, used to determinefield supporting strength.beddingthe materials, their placement, consolidation
6、, andconfiguration, as designed to support, and to develop fieldsupporting strength of vitrified clay pipe.bellthe flared-end portion of a vitrified clay pipe or fitting,designed to function in the joining of other such pipe.beveled pipea pipe with an end angled to mate with acomplimentary pipe end
7、or adjust to another surface.blistera convex, raised area on the pipe surface indicating aninternal separation.bodySee pipe body.chipa small piece of broken-off material, or the locationwhere a small piece of the unit material has been broken off.clayan earthy or stony mineral aggregate consisting e
8、ssen-tially of hydrous silicates of alumina, plastic when suffi-ciently pulverized and wetted, rigid when dry, and vitreouswhen fired to a sufficiently high temperature.closureSee compression pactionmechanical or hydraulic consolidation of back-fill to achieve pression couplingSee compression pressi
9、on diska disk of compressible material placedbetween the ends of adjacent pipe for the purpose ofdistributing the jacking pression jointa joint designed so that a sealing action isobtained by compressing elastomeric components.conduita pipe for conveying fluid.consolidationthe gradual reduction in v
10、olume of backfillmatter to achieve stability.constant weightthe condition of a substance in which allvolatile components have been vaporized, and repeatedexposure to a specified temperature, for any period of time,causes no change in weight.controlled low strength material (CLSM)flowable lowcompress
11、ive strength cementitious material used in the pipezone as a bedding material. Also referred to as controlleddensity fill, flowable fill, slurry, or lean concrete.crackan irregular separation with well-defined sharp edgesvisible on the surface of a pipe.deadloadthe load imposed on pipe, that is dete
12、rmined bydepth and width of the trench at top of pipe, as well as unitweight and character of backfill material.drainsa piping system used to collect and carry off surfaceand ground water.encasementspecial materials, their placement and configu-ration which are designed to fully surround the pipe, a
13、nddevelop a field supporting strength which exceeds thatdeveloped by other commonly used installation and beddingtechniques.exfiltrationthe quality of water leaving the test sectionduring a specified time period.faceto cover with a new surface.filter blocka cellular vitrified clay block unit, of pro
14、prietaryconfiguration, designed to underbed the media in tricklingfilters.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.10 onEditorial.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Origin
15、allyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 896 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe A
16、STM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.fire claya sedimentary clay of low-flux content.fittingproducts such as wyes, tees, elbows, adapters, etc.used in the installation of vitrified clay pipelines.floodinga mean
17、s of compacting trench backfill by theintroduction of water by gravity.flue lininga manufactured tubular non-load bearing firedclay unit, normally used for conveying hot gases in chim-neys.fracturethat portion of a vitrified clay pipe from which afragment has been broken. It is distinguished by well
18、-definedfracture faces and sharp edges where the fracture faces meetthe surface of the pipe.glazea hard glassy fused coating.haunchthat portion of the pipe barrel extending from bottomto springline.haunchingthe act of placing bedding material around thehaunch of the pipe.inch-pound unitsthe units of
19、 length, area, volume, weight,and temperature in common use in the United States at thepresent time. These include, but are not limited to: (1)lengthfeet, inches, and fractional inches, (2) areasquarefeet and square inches, (3) volumecubic feet, cubic inches,gallons, and ounces, (4) weightpounds and
20、 ounces, and (5)temperaturedegrees Fahrenheit.industrial wastethe water-conveyed residues resulting frommanufacturing or processing operations.infiltrationthe quality of ground water entering the testsection during a specified time period.initial backfilllocation for placement of selected material,n
21、ative or import, extending from the top of the beddingmaterial to an elevation 1 ft above top of pipe.jackinga method of installing pipe by the trenchless methodusing equipment and pipe designed for this purpose.jacking forcethe force applied to the pipe along the longi-tudinal axis of the pipeline
22、by the pipe jacking equipment.jettinga means of compacting trench backfill by the intro-duction of water under pressure through a nozzle.jointan individual length of pipe, or the means of closure toform a pipeline.laminationa stratification of the material in the plane of thewall of a unit.leachatel
23、iquid drainage normally associated with contami-nated soils and solid waste landfills.live loadthe portion of the load transmitted to pipe fromwheel or tread impacts.lotspecific group of clay products having characteristics ofsufficient similarity that individual specimens selected fromthat group ma
24、y be considered representative of the wholegroup.microtunnelingtrenchless installation of pipe by jacking thepipe behind a remotely controlled, steerable, laser guided,microtunnel boring machine that provides continuous sup-port to the excavated face under various geotechnical con-ditions including
25、the presence of groundwater.mitered fittingsfittings manufactured by using beveled pipesegments.mitered pipeSee beveled pipe.nominal diameterreferences the internal diameter in nameonly to the nearest unit dimension.pimplea small solid bump or protrusion on the pipe surface.pipeSee vitrified clay pi
26、pe.pipe bodythe clay material or mixture of clay materials fromwhich vitrified clay pipe is made.pipe burstingprocess by which existing pipelines are brokenby mechanical fracturing from either inside or outside withthe remains being pushed into the surrounding soil whilesimultaneously inserting a ne
27、w pipeline of equal or largerdiameter.pipelinepipes joined to provide a conduit through whichfluids flow.puddlingsoil consolidation by agitating by means of poles,a mixture of soil and sufficient water to leave a puddle on thesurface.reachthe section of a sewer between structures.sampleeach piece or
28、 group of pieces selected from a lot andused to determine whether the product complies with thespecification criteria.samplingprocess of selecting samples from a lot for use intesting.sealing elementa separate or bonded material between thesleeve and the pipe that forms a seal.segmental testinga met
29、hod of isolating and testing portionsof an installed pipeline to determine the location of an airloss in excess of the standard.segmented testinga method of testing vitrified clay pipeusing segmented bearings as detailed in Test Method C 301.selected materialfinely divided material free of debris,or
30、ganic material, and large stones.sewagewaste matter carried off by sewers.sewergenerally, an underground conduit usually carryingwaste matter in a liquid medium.sewer lineSee sewer.sewer pipevitrified clay pipe as described in SpecificationC 700.seweragesystem for collection, treatment, and disposal
31、 ofsewage.shalea thinly stratified, consolidated, sedimentary clay withwell-marked cleavage parallel to the bedding.shovel slicingmechanical action of causing bedding materialto uniformly contact the pipe haunches.slanta piece of vitrified clay pipe made so that one end hasa plane of approximately 4
32、5 or 60 to its longitudinal axis.The end may be made with a contoured surface to fit anotherpipe.sleevea coupling which contains or compresses the sealingelement and meets the requirements of the standard. Thesleeve may be affixed to one end of the pipe at the factory.sliplininga method of inserting
33、 new pipe into an existingpipeline.socketthe portion of a jointing system that is designed toaccept a plain-end pipe or a spigot-end pipe.spadingsee shovel slicing.specifying agencythe individual engineer, firm, or politicalsubdivision charged with and having the responsibility forC896042the design
34、of a facility, product, equipment, or materialrequirements.specimensample, or portion thereof, which is to be testedand the test results to be reported.spigotthat portion of a vitrified clay pipe that fits into the bellor socket of the preceding pipe.spring linethe line of maximum horizontal dimensi
35、on of thetransverse cross section.suitable materialsSuitable material is well-graded34 to14in. (19 to 6mm) crushed stone, having a minimum of onefracture face, or other angular, non-consolidating beddingmaterials not subject to migration.superimposed loadload imposed by travel over, or bymaterial br
36、ought and placed over the trench area, after pipeinstallation.surface clayan unconsolidated, unstratified clay, occurringon the surface.test sectionthe portion of pipeline under test.test specimenspecimen, or portion thereof, which is to betested and the test results reported, or which is to be prep
37、aredfor further testing, and the test results reported.trench foundationThe area below the pipe and beddingwhich supports the pipe bedding structure.trickling filtera facility for the waste waters which utilizesa flow of liquid over fixed-media.unaided eyevisual inspection, without the use of specia
38、lequipment or enhancement excepting the use of correctivelenses.vitrified clay pipea pipe made from various clays orcombinations thereof which are shaped, dried, and fired to apoint where the glass-forming components fuse to form abond between the crystalline grains.wallsexterior vertical sides of v
39、itrified clay filter block.websinterior supports separating channels of vitrified clayfilter block.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invite
40、d either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a
41、fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C896043
