1、Designation: C896 14C896 15Standard Terminology Relating toClay Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C896; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses i
2、ndicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2C301 Test Methods for Vitrified Clay PipeC700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength, Standard Strength, and Per
3、forated2. Terminologyapproving authoritythe individual official, board, department, or agency established and authorized by a state, county, city, orother political subdivision, created by law to administer and enforce specified requirements.backfillall the material used to fill the trench from bedd
4、ing to finished surface.backfill, finalmaterial used to fill the trench from initial backfill to finished surface.backfill, initialmaterial used to fill the trench from top of bedding to a designated height over the pipe.backfill, unconsolidatednon-compacted material in place in the trench.barrelthe
5、 cylindrical portion of a vitrified clay pipe exclusive of branches, spurs, joints, and handling rings or lugs.bearing strengththe non-destructive limit of pipe load, as determined by 3-edge bearing test method, used to determine fieldsupporting strength.beddingthe materials, their placement, consol
6、idation, and configuration, as designed to support, and to develop field supportingstrength of vitrified clay pipe.bellthe flared-end portion of a vitrified clay pipe or fitting, designed to function in the joining of other such pipe.beveled pipea pipe with an end angled to mate with a complimentary
7、 pipe end or adjust to another surface.blistera convex, raised area on the pipe surface indicating an internal separation.bodySee pipe body.chipa small piece of broken-off material, or the location where a small piece of the unit material has been broken off.clayan earthy or stony mineral aggregate
8、consisting essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, plastic when sufficientlypulverized and wetted, rigid when dry, and vitreous when fired to a sufficiently high temperature.closureSee compression pactionmechanical or hydraulic consolidation of the foundation, bedding, initial backfill and fina
9、l backfill to achievestability.densification of soil by means of mechanical pression couplingSee compression pression diska disk of compressible material placed between the ends of adjacent pipe for the purpose of distributing thejacking pression jointa joint designed so that a sealing action is obt
10、ained by compressing elastomeric components.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 on Vitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.10 on Editorial.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2015. Published September 2014January 2016. Origina
11、lly approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20132014as C896 13.C896 14. DOI: 10.1520/C0896-14.10.1520/C0896-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, ref
12、er to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all ch
13、anges accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
14、United States1conduita pipe for conveying fluid.consolidationthe gradual reduction in volume of backfill matter to achieve stability.constant weightthe condition of a substance in which all volatile components have been vaporized, and repeated exposure toa specified temperature, for any period of ti
15、me, causes no change in weight.controlled low strength material (CLSM)flowable low compressive strength cementitious material used in the pipe zone asa bedding material. Also referred to as controlled density fill, flowable fill, slurry, or lean concrete.crackan irregular separation with well-define
16、d sharp edges visible on the surface of a pipe.deadloadthe load imposed on pipe, that is determined by depth and width of the trench at top of pipe, as well as unit weightand character of backfill material.drainsa piping system used to collect and carry off surface and ground water.encasementspecial
17、 materials, their placement and configuration which are designed to fully surround the pipe, and develop afield supporting strength which exceeds that developed by other commonly used installation and bedding techniques.exfiltrationthe quality of water leaving the test section during a specified tim
18、e period.faceto cover with a new surface.filter blocka cellular vitrified clay block unit, of proprietary configuration, designed to underbed the media in trickling filters.fire claya sedimentary clay of low-flux content.fittingproducts such as wyes, tees, elbows, adapters, etc. used in the installa
19、tion of vitrified clay pipelines.floodinga means of compacting trench backfill by the introduction of water by gravity.flue lininga manufactured tubular non-load bearing fired clay unit, normally used for conveying hot gases in chimneys.fracturethat portion of a vitrified clay pipe from which a frag
20、ment has been broken. It is distinguished by well-defined fracturefaces and sharp edges where the fracture faces meet the surface of the pipe.glazea hard glassy fused coating.haunchthe areas bordered by the barrel outside diameter, the vertical tangents from the pipe springline and the horizontaltan
21、gents from the bottom of the pipe. See detail:haunchingutilizing a shovel, spade, or other suitable tool to place and consolidate the bedding material in the haunch to (1)ensure the pipe will remain true to line and grade and (2) provide uniform circumferential support to the pipe, which is essentia
22、lfor the total load factor to be realized.hot facethe interior surface of a chimney that is exposed to the elevated temperatures of the flue gasses.inch-pound unitsthe units of length, area, volume, weight, and temperature in common use in the United States at the presenttime. These include, but are
23、 not limited to: (1) lengthfeet, inches, and fractional inches, (2) areasquare feet and squareinches, (3) volumecubic feet, cubic inches, gallons, and ounces, (4) weightpounds and ounces, and (5) temperaturedegrees Fahrenheit.C896 152industrial wastethe water-conveyed residues resulting from manufac
24、turing or processing operations.infiltrationthe quality of ground water entering the test section during a specified time period.initial backfilllocation for placement of selected material, native or import, extending from the top of the bedding material toan elevation 1 ft above top of pipe.jacking
25、a method of installing pipe by the trenchless method using equipment and pipe designed for this purpose.jacking forcethe force applied to the pipe along the longitudinal axis of the pipeline by the pipe jacking equipment.jettinga means of compacting trench backfill by the introduction of water under
26、 pressure through a nozzle.jointan individual length of pipe, or the means of closure to form a pipeline.laminationa stratification of the material in the plane of the wall of a unit.leachateliquid drainage normally associated with contaminated soils and solid waste landfills.live loadthe portion of
27、 the load transmitted to pipe from wheel or tread impacts.lotspecific group of clay products having characteristics of sufficient similarity that individual specimens selected from thatgroup may be considered representative of the whole group.microtunnelingtrenchless installation of pipe by jacking
28、the pipe behind a remotely controlled, steerable, laser guided,microtunnel boring machine that provides continuous support to the excavated face under various geotechnical conditionsincluding the presence of groundwater.migrationthe movement of soil into adjacent material.mitered fittingsfittings ma
29、nufactured by using beveled pipe segments.mitered pipeSee beveled pipe.nominal diameterreferences the internal diameter in name only to the nearest unit dimension.pimplea small solid bump or protrusion on the pipe surface.pipeSee vitrified clay pipe.pipe bodythe clay material or mixture of clay mate
30、rials from which vitrified clay pipe is made.pipe burstingprocess by which existing pipelines are broken by mechanical fracturing from either inside or outside with theremains being pushed into the surrounding soil while simultaneously inserting a new pipeline of equal or larger diameter.pipelinepip
31、es joined to provide a conduit through which fluids flow.puddlingsoil consolidation by agitating by means of poles, a mixture of soil and sufficient water to leave a puddle on the surface.reachthe section of a sewer between structures.sampleeach piece or group of pieces selected from a lot and used
32、to determine whether the product complies with thespecification criteria.samplingprocess of selecting samples from a lot for use in testing.sealing elementa separate or bonded material between the sleeve and the pipe that forms a seal.segmental testinga method of isolating and testing portions of an
33、 installed pipeline to determine the location of an air loss inexcess of the standard.segmented testinga method of testing vitrified clay pipe using segmented bearings as detailed in Test Method C301.selected materialfinely divided material free of debris, organic material, and large stones.sewagewa
34、ste matter carried off by sewers.sewergenerally, an underground conduit usually carrying waste matter in a liquid medium.sewer lineSee sewer.sewer pipevitrified clay pipe as described in Specification C700.seweragesystem for collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage.shalea thinly stratified, con
35、solidated, sedimentary clay with well-marked cleavage parallel to the bedding.C896 153shovel slicingutilizing a shovel, spade, or other suitable tool to place and consolidate the bedding material in the haunch to (1)ensure the pipe will remain true to line and grade and (2) provide uniform circumfer
36、ential support to the pipe, which is essentialfor the total load factor to be realized.sleevea coupling which contains or compresses the sealing element and meets the requirements of the standard. The sleeve maybe affixed to one end of the pipe at the factory.sliplininga method of inserting new pipe
37、 into an existing pipeline.socketthe portion of a jointing system that is designed to accept a plain-end pipe or a spigot-end pipe.specifying agencythe individual engineer, firm, or political subdivision charged with and having the responsibility for the designof a facility, product, equipment, or m
38、aterial requirements.specimensample, or portion thereof, which is to be tested and the test results to be reported.spigotthat portion of a vitrified clay pipe that fits into the bell or socket of the preceding pipe.spring linethe line of maximum horizontal dimension of the transverse cross section.s
39、uitable materialsSuitable material is well-graded 34 to 14 in. (19 to 6mm) crushed stone, having a minimum of one fractureface, or other angular, non-consolidating bedding materials not subject to migration.superimposed loadload imposed by travel over, or by material brought and placed over the tren
40、ch area, after pipe installation.surface clayan unconsolidated, unstratified clay, occurring on the surface.test sectionthe portion of pipeline under test.test specimenspecimen, or portion thereof, which is to be tested and the test results reported, or which is to be prepared forfurther testing, an
41、d the test results reported.trench foundationThe area below the pipe and bedding which supports the pipe bedding structure.trickling filtera facility for the waste waters which utilizes a flow of liquid over fixed-media.unaided eyevisual inspection, without the use of special equipment or enhancemen
42、t excepting the use of corrective lenses.vitrified clay pipea pipe made from various clays or combinations thereof which are shaped, dried, and fired to a point wherethe glass-forming components fuse to form a bond between the crystalline grains.wallsexterior vertical sides of vitrified clay filter
43、block.websinterior supports separating channels of vitrified clay filter block.C896 154This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for
44、revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing
45、you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may
46、be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 155
